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KEYS/CLAVES TO SOUTH AMERICAN CRYPTANTHA (after/de Johnston 1927)

KEY TO SECTIONS/CLAVE DE SECCIONES

Plants producing cleistogamic flowers; South America.     Cleistogamic flowers simple, borne in the middle and upper or frequently in all  the leaf-axils, occasionally          replacing the chasmogamic flowers in the inflorescence proper ........................... Section/Sección Cryptantha [Eucryptantha]     Cleistomagamic flowers highly specialized, appearing as persistent ovoid or lenticular structures (cleistogenes)         borne at the base of the plant below or just above the surface of the ground .................................. Section/Sección Geocarya Plants not producing cleistogamic flowers; North and South America ................................................. Section/Sección "Krynitzkia"

KEYS WITHIN SECTIONS/CLAVES DENTRO SECCIONES

Section/Sección Cryptantha (after/de Johnston 1927) Plant definitely perennial    Fruiting calyx small, 2-2.5 mm long; nutlets ca. 2 mm long (Glomuliferae) ............................................................................................ C. glomerulifera    Fruiting calyx large and coarse, 4-6 mm long; nutlets 2-3 mm long (Capituliflorae)       Plant low, with short prostrate or widely spreading densely appressed white villous-hispid stems; mature inflorescence more or less capitate . C. capituliflora       Plant erect or ascending, loosely branched; stems appressed-hispid; inflorescence becoming loose and open          Plant canescent, abundantly appressed short-hispid on stems and leaves; style very much surpassing the nutlets ........................................ C. longifolia          Plant green, very sparsely hirsute, evidently pustulate; style equaling or shortly surpassing the nutlets ................................................... C. spathulata Plant definitely annual    Fruiting calyces armed with stiff hairs, hispid or hirsute (Glomeratae)       Nutlets 1.3-2 mm long; plant green; common, widely dispersed species ................................................................................................ C. glomerata       Nutlets 2.5-3 mm long; plant canescent; rare local species .................................................................................................................... C. alfalfalis    Fruiting calyces long-villous, lacking stiff hairs (Haplostachyae)       Plant slender; cauline leaves 1-1.7 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; nutlets verrucose .................................................................................... C. haplostachya       Plant coarse; cauline leaves 1-2 cm long, 5-10 mm wide; nutlets tuberculate ...................................................................................... C. calycotricha Section/Sección Cryptantha: Annual Plants/Plantas Anuales (after/de Grau 1982) 1. Klausen im Umriss schmal eiförmig, im Querschnitt flach halbmondförmig, d.h. ihre der Griffelbasis zugewendeten Innenflächen in einer Ebene liegend     oder nur schwach zueinander geneigt .................................................................................................................................................. C. alfalfalis 1. Klausen im Umriss breit eiförmig im Querschnitt dreieckig, d.h. ihre der Griffelbasis zugewendeten Innenflächen +/- rechtwinklig zueinanderstehend     2. Kelch lang wollhaarig         3. Pflanze zart, Blätter schmal-lanzettlich bis 3 mm breit, Klausen mit geschlossenen Falten der Ansatzfläche ....................................... C. haplostachya         3. Planze kräftig, Blätter oblanzeolat bis oblong, bis 10 mm breit, Klausen mit dreieckig geöffneter Ansatzfläche ..................................... C. calycotricha     2. Kelch borstig behaart, die beiden Klausen der kleistogamen Blüten nebeneinander liegend         4. Stengelblätter breit eiförmig, chasmogame Blüten mit vier Klausen ................................................................... C. glomerata subsp. quadrinuculata         4. Stengelblätter schmal eiförmig, alle Blüten mit zwei Klausen             5. Pusteln der Klausen glochidiat ................................................................................................................................................... C. aspera             5. Pusteln der Klausen glatt oder nur schwach strukturiert .................................................................................. C. glomerata subsp. glomerata (after/de Grau 1982, translated into English/tracudido en inglés) 1. Fruits in outline narrowly ovate, in cross-section flat/narrowly crescent-shaped, i.e. their style base facing inner surfaces lying in a plane     or only slightly inclined to each other .................................................................................................................................................. C. alfalfalis 1. Fruits in outline broadly ovate, in cross-section triangular, i.e. their style base facing inner surfaces +/- perpendicular to each other standing      2. Calyx long haired woolly          3. Plant soft, leaves narrowly lanceolate to 3 mm wide, ventral groove with closed folds ................................................................ C. haplostachya          3. Plant robust, leaves oblanceolate to oblong, to 10 mm wide, ventral groove with triangular open area ............................................. C. calycotricha      2. Calyx hairy bristly, the two fruits of cleistogamous flowers juxtaposed          4. Stem leaves widely ovate, chasmogamous flowers with four fruits .................................................................. C. glomerata ssp. quadrinuculata          4. Stem leaves narrowly ovate, all flowers with two fruits               5. Pustules of the fruit glochidiate ............................................................................................................................................... C. aspera               5. Pustules of the fruit smooth or only weakly structured ................................................................................. C. glomerata subsp. glomerata

Section/Sección Geocarya (after/de Johnston 1927) Plant a strong-rooted coarse perennial (Alyssoides) ..................................................................................................................................... C. alyssoides Plant definitely annual    Root fleshy and spindleform (Dimorphae)       Spikes bracted; calyx lobes linear          Corolla 5-8 mm broad; chasmogamic flowers 4-ovulate ....................................................................................................................... C. involucrata          Corolla 2-5 mm broad; chasmogamic flowers 2-ovulate ....................................................................................................................... C. volckmannii       Spikes bractless; calyx lobes oblong          Corolla 2-3 mm broad; hairs on calyx straw-colored; pubescence on stems loose .............................................................................. C. dimorpha          Corolla 4-5 mm broad; hairs on calyx bright yellow; pubescence on stems closely appressed ........................................................... C. cynoglossoides    Root firm and woody, attenuate       Chasmogamic flowers 2-ovulate (Lineares)           Mature calyx 2-2.5(-3) mm long; nutlets ca. 2 mm long; cleistogenes rather evidently reticulate-ribbed ............................................ C. linearis           Mature calyx 3-4.5 mm long; nutlets 2-3 mm long; cleistogenes weakly ribbed .................................................................................. C. aprica        Chasmogamic flowers 4-ovulate           Corolla conspicuous, 4-8 mm broad; nutlets 2.5-3 mm long, homomorphous or practically so, back obtuse (Dolichophyllae)               Corolla 6-8 mm broad; leaves narrowly linear, 4-9(11) cm long, 1.5-3 mm broad ........................................................................... C. dolichophylla               Corolla 4-5 mm broad; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 2-3.5(-4.5) cm long, 2-3(-5) mm broad ............................................. C. gayi           Corolla inconspicuous, 1-3 mm broad; nutlets 1.5-2 mm long, definitely heteromorphous, back convex (Virentes) .......................... C. kingii

Section/Sección Geocarya (after/de Grau 1981) Schlussel der Arten der Sektion Geocarya 1. Kotyledonen ungeteilt    2. Chasmogame Blüten mit 4 Klausen .......................................................................................................................................................... C. involucrata    2. Chasmogame Blüten mit 2 Klausen        3. Wickel mit einigen Tragblättern .............................................................................................................................................................. C. volckmannii        3. Wickel ohne Tragblätter            4. Pflanze ausdauernd ........................................................................................................................................................................... C. alyssoides            4. Pflanze einjährig                5. Kelch 2-2,5 mm lang, Klausen bis 2 mm lang ................................................................................................................................ C. linearis                5. Kelch 3-4,5 mm lang, Klausen bis 3 mm lang ................................................................................................................................ C. aprica 1. Kotyledonen geteilt    6. Chasmogame Blüten mit 2 Klausen        7. Fruchtende Kelche der chasmogamen Blüten bis 3,5 mm lang, am Mittelnerv mit kräftigen, abstehenden Borsten ............................. C. chispae        7. Fruchtende Kelche der chasmogamen Blüten bis 5 mm lang, auch am Mittelnerv mit nur schwach vergrösserten Borsten ................. C. marticorenae     6. Chasmogame Blüten mit 4 Klausen          8. Chasmogame Blüten mit einer grösseren und drei kleineren Klausen, Blüten 1-3 mm breit ................................................................ C. kingii          8. Chasmogame Blüten mit 4 gleich grossen Klausen, Blüten 4-8 mm breit               9. Blüten 6-8 mm breit, Klausen quer-runzelig, Blätter linealisch ......................................................................................................... C. dolichophylla               9. Blüten 4-5 mm breit, Klausen fein pustelig, Blätter lanzettlich .......................................................................................................... C. gayi (after/de Grau 1981, translated into English/tracudido en inglés) Key of the Species of Section Geocarya 1. Cotyledons undivided    2. Chasmogamous flowers with 4 ovules/fruits ................................................................................................................................................ C. involucrata    2. Chasmogamous flowers with 2 ovules/fruits        3. Inflorescence with some bracts ................................................................................................................................................................ C. volckmannii        3. Inflorescence without bracts            4. Plant perennial ...................................................................................................................................................................................... C. alyssoides            4. Plant annual                5. Calyx 2-2.5 mm long, fruits up to 2 mm long ..................................................................................................................................... C. linearis                5. Calyx 3-4.5 mm long, fruits up to 3 mm long ..................................................................................................................................... C. aprica 1. Cotyledons divided    6. Chasmogamous flowers with 2 fruits        7. Fruiting calyxes of the chasmogamous flowers up to 3.5 mm long, on the middle nerve with strong, protruding bristles ......................... C. chispae        7. Fruiting calyxes of the chasmogamous flowers up to 5 mm long, also on the median nerve with only slightly enlarged bristles .............. C. marticorenae     6. Chasmogamous flowers with 4 fruits          8. Chasmogamous flowers with one larger and three smaller fruits, flowers 1-3 mm wide .......................................................................... C. kingii          8. Chasmogamous flowers with 4 equally large fruits, flowers 4-8 mm wide               9. Flowers 6-8 mm wide, fruits cross-wrinkled, leaves linear ................................................................................................................... C. dolichophylla               9. Flowers 4-5 mm wide, fruits finely pimpled, leaves lanceolate ............................................................................................................. C. gayi

Section/Sección Krynitzkia (after/de Johnston 1927; *modified from Johnston 1925; **modified from Johnston 1928); ***modified from Teillier 2009); Nutlets perfectly smooth and shiny    Plant perennial, shrubby at base (Gnaphalioides)        ***Plants gray-silvery, canescent; leaves not succulent ......................................................................................................................... C. gnaphalioides        ***Plants green, leaves succulent ......................................................................................................................... C. marioricardiana    Plant an annual herb       Corolla 7-10 mm broad; leaves 7-13 mm broad (Phacelioides) ............................................................................................................. C. dichita       Corolla 1-7 mm broad; leaves 1-3 mm broad (          *Corolla 1–2 mm broad; nutlets 1 per fruit, sometimes 2 per fruit, one smooth and one minutely tuberculate; Argentina (Maritimae) ... C. maritima var. pilosa          *Corolla 4-7 mm broad; nutlets 2–4 per fruit; Chile (Phacelioides)             Nutlets 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................. C. hispida             Nutlets 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... C. phaceloides Nutlets more or less roughened and dull    Nutlets thick with deep plane sides, not crowded, only impinging on one another close to the gynobase and hence separated by         open re-entrant sinuses, anterior face occupied by a large triangular (apparently) excavated areola; gynobase narrowly pyramidal;         northern Argentina (Albidae) ....................................................................................................................................... C. albida = Johnstonella albida    Nutlets strongly compressed with angulate or rounded edges, crowded and closely juxtaposed, not separated by open broad sinuses,         anterior face with a very small shallow areola; gynobase subulate       Edges of nutlets sharp, with a definite thin margin; abaxial nutlet more or less emphasized, usually largest and most persistent (Angustifoliae)          Nutlet homomorphous, 1-1.5 mm long; spikes bracted throughout; Argentina ............................................ C. diplotricha = Johnstonella diplotricha          Nutlets heteromorpous, 0.6-1 mm long; spikes bractless or bracted at base only; Chile and Peru .................... C. parviflora = Johnstonella parviflora       Edges of nutlets merely angled or rounded, not sharp, mostly marginless but more or less thickly margined in a few species; axial nutlet             more or less emphasized, usually the largest or most persistent (Barbigerae)          Corolla evident or conspicuous, 2-7 mm broad             Spikes bractless; Chilean                Plant persistent, a perennial or long-lived annual; stems becoming prostrate or trailing                   Plant loosely branched, forming a loose broad open mat; pubescence canescent; corolla 5-6 mm broad .......................... C. subamplexicaulis                   Plant densely branched, forming a dense cushion, pubescence silvery; corolla 2-4 mm broad .................................................... C. argentea                Plant a short-lived annual; branches short, erect, or ascending                   Nutlets homomorphous, obsurely roughened ................................................................................................................. C. chaetocalyx                   Nutlets heteromorphous, definitely tuberculate or papillate ................................................................................................... C. filiformis             Spikes bracted                Corolla 2-4 mm broad; nutlets homomorphous or heteromorphous, 1.3-1.8 mm long                   Style much surpassing the 4 nutlets; Peru ........................................................................................................................ C. granulosa                   Style shortly surpassing the 2-4 nutlets; Chile .................................................................................................................. C. taltalensis                Corolla 5-6 mm broad; nutlets homomorphous, ea. 2 mm long; Chile ........................................................................................... C. romanii          Corolla inconspicuous or minute, 0.5-1.5(-2) mm broad             Spikes bracted; style noticeably surpassing the nutlets                Fruiting calyx 3-4 mm long, with narrow erect or slightly spreading lobe tips; Chile and southern Peru ............................................. C. filaginea                Fruiting calyx 5-6 mm long, with broad decidedly spreading lobe tips; Peru ................................................................................. C. limensis             Spikes bractless; style equally the nutlet or just surpassing them                Nutlets obscurely tuberculate or almost smooth                   Fruiting calyx 8-11 mm long; nutlets lanceolate, 2.8-3.2 mm long; plant coarse shaggy-hirsute; Andes of northern Chile ................... C. calycina                   Fruiting calyx 2-3 mm long; nutlets lance-ovate, ca. 2 mm long; plant finely strigose or appressed short-hispid; Patagonia ........... C. patagonica                Nutlets definitely tuberculate or wrinkled                   Back of nutlets tuberculate, coarsely if at all transversely grooved                      **Fruiting calyx 7–8 mm long; nutlets 2.7–3 mm long ....................................................................... C. werdermanniana                      **Fruiting calyx 2.5–4 mm long; nutlets 1.5–2 mm long                          Fruiting calyx 2.5-3 mm long, lobes lance-linear or narrowly lanceolate; Peru ....................................................................... C. peruviana                          Fruiting calyx 3-4 mm long, lobes linear or lance-linear; Chile and Argentina ....................................................................... C. globulifera                    Back of nutlets with transverse, lineate grooves                      Spikes very tawny; fruiting calyx 3-4 mm long; plant stiff; Chile and Argentina ......................................................................... C. diffusa                      Spikes green; fruiting calyx 2-2.5 mm long; plant weak; Bolivia [& Chile] ................................... C. debilis [= C. diffusa, sensu Zuloaga et al. 2008]

Section/Sección Krynitzkia of Peru (after/de Johnston 1924)  Corolla at anthesis twice length of calyx, limb broad      Leaves oblong-linear or oblong; nutlets muricate or verrucose ......................................................................................................................... C. latifolia      Leaves linear; nutlets granulose .................................................................................................................................. C. granulosa  Corolla tubular, always shorter than or barely exceeding calyx      Spikes naked, usually geminate; nutlets pale; leaves linear or lance-linear, very obscurely pustulate .......................... C. peruviana      Spikes bracteate, usually solitary; nutlets dark; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, conspicuously pustulate           Calyx 4–5 mm long, lobes spreading or recurving above middle; nutlets verrucose ................................................................................. C. macbridei           Calyx 3 mm long, lobes erect; nutlets granulate ................................................................................. C. limensis

Cryptantha of Argentina (after/de Perez-Moreau 1976) A. Plantas unicamente con flores casmogamas     B. Caliz fructífero circunciso poco más abajo de su parte media, la porción basal persistente en escariosa de diferente textura que la decidua           ... 1. C. circumscissa var. circumscissa = Greeneocharis circumscissa var. circumscissa     BB. Caliz fructifero nunca circunciso             C. Corola con limbo menor de 3 mm de ancho. Clusas hasta 2,5 mm de largo, aunque casi siempre son menores                  D. Fruto formado por una sola clusa con superficie totalmente lisa que muy rara vez va acompañada de una clusa más pequeña finamente granulada                   ... 2. C. maritima var. pilosa                  DD. Fruto formado por 1-4 clusas pero nunca con superficie totalmente lisa                         E. Clusas iguales                              F. Clusas con un fino margen bien definido que enmarca la cara dorsal ... 3. C. diplotricha = Johnstonella diplotricha                              FF. Clusas sin un fino margen                                    G. Clusas con angulos muy marcados, cara dorsal casi lisa pero oscuramente tuberculada, tuberculado mas visible en la mitad superior                                           ... 4. C. patagonica                                    GG. Clusas con angulos obtusos, cara dorsal rugosa y / o tuberculada y / o con surcos                                           H. Inflorescencias totalmente bracteadas. Cara ventral de las clusas con un surco en forma de fosa triangular profundamente excavada                                                ... 5. C. albida = Johnstonella albida                                           HH. Inflorescencias ebracteadas o con algunas brácteas en la parte inferior. Cara ventral de las clusas con el surco estrecho y abriéndose                                                   en forma gradual hacia la base pero nunca profundamente excavado                                               I. Clusas con la cara dorsal finamente granulada, oscuramente tuberculada y con surcos, transversales mas o menos sinuosos que le                                                   confieren un aspecto cerebroide, con menos frecuencia la mitad superior presenta algunos tubérculos y la inferior es oscuramente                                                   tuberculada y con surcos apenas visibles .... 6. C. diffusa                                               II. Clusas con la cara dorsal finamente granulada, totalmente tuberculada y en el caso de existir surcos transversales son irregulares                                                   y poco definidos ... 7. C. globulifera                         EE. Clusas desiguales, una visiblemente mas desarrollada que las otras ... 8. C. mendocina             CC. Corola con limbo de 3,5-5 mm de ancho. Clusas de 3-4 mm de largo ... 9. C. papillosa AA. Plantas con flores cleistogamas en las axilas de las hojas a lo largo del tallo y en las inflorescencias entremezcladas con las casmogamas,           o agrupadas en la base del tallo o un poco más arriba        J.  Flores cleistogamas en las axilas de las hojas a lo largo del tallo y a veces en las inflorescencias entremezcladas con las casmogamas. Flores               casmogamas con limbo de 1,5-3 mm de ancho             K. Clusas de ± 1 mm de largo, cara ventral ocupada en gran parte por una aréola impresa muy poco excavada, subtriangular con ángulos muy                     obtusos. Ginobase anchamente piramidal ... 10. C. latefissa             KK. Clusas de 1,5-3 mm de largo, cara ventral con el surco estrecho o casi cerrado en la parte superior pero ensanchándose hacia la base                         de la clusa formando una areola triangular. Ginobase estrechamente piramidal o subulada                     L. Tallos decumhentes o postrados. Inflorescencia muy densa y tan pubescente que toma un aspecto algodonoso. Caliz fructifero                            de 4-6 mm de largo ... 11. C. capituliflora                     LL. Tallos erguidos. lnflorescencias sin aspecto algodonoso. Caliz fructifero de 2-2,5 mm de largo ... 12. C. glomerulifera        JJ. Flores cleistógamas agrupadas en la base del tallo o un poco mas arriba originando clusas ovoide-trígonas muy tuberculadas. Flores casmogamas                con limbo de 3-4,5 mm de ancho ... 13. C. cynoglossoides

Cryptantha of Peru (after/de Macbride 1960) Nutlets thin-margined, dissimilar; spikes not bracted or only at base ... C. parviflora = Johnstonella parviflora Nutlets obtusely if at all margined; spikes bracted except C. peruviana    Corolla showy, to 7 mm. wide; style scarcely or not exserted ... C. varians,  possibly = C. granulosa    Corolla 0.5-1.5 (2) mm. wide; style longer than nutlets       Calyx in fruit 3-4 mm. long, narrow lobes suberect to tips ... C. filaginea       Calyx in fruit 5-6 mm. long, broad lobes spreading at tips ... C. limensis    Corolla to 1.5 mm. wide; style barely longer than nutlets ... C. peruviana

Cryptantha of Peru (after/de Schwarzer 2007) Bestimmungsschlüssel zu den peruanischen Arten von Cryptantha I. Klausen heteromorph, die abaxiale Klause deutlich größer (ca. 1,5 x) als die restlichen Klausen, ihre Cicatrix basal breit halbmondförmig geöffnet und die     gesamte ventrale Klausenbasis einnehmend, fast untrennbar mit der Gynobasis verbunden. Die restlichen Klausen eines Verbandes sehr klein, 0,5—1 mm lang,     0,3—0,6 mm breit, ihre Cicatrices basal schmal dreieckig geöffnet. Alle Klausen mit einem schmalen, vom Rest des Klausenkörpers abgesetzten Rand.     Corolla basal mit Auswüchsen (Basalschuppen). Kelch sehr klein, zur Fruchtreife 1,6—2,5 mm lang. ...... 1. Cryptantha parviflora = Johnstonella parviflora I.* Klausen homomorph, höchstens die adaxiale Klause wenig größer als die restlichen Klausen, ihre Cicatrix nicht abweichend gestaltet, aber fest mit der     Gynobasis verbunden. Alle Klausen eines Verbandes 1,2—2 mm lang, 0,6—1 mm breit, ihre Cicatrices basal gabelig oder schmal dreieckig geöffnet, ohne     einen vom Rest des Klausenkörpers abgesetzten Rand. Basale Auswüchse der Corolla fehlend. Kelch zur Fruchtreife 3—7 mm lang.     II. Wickel unbeblättert. Klausenoberfläche mosaikartig gefeldert, jedes Feld mit einer papillenförmigen Erhebung besetzt, Cicatrix auf der gesamten Länge         geöffnet, sich basal schmal dreieckig erweiternd. Indument der Blätter heterotrich-hispid, an der abaxialen Mittelrippe und am Blattrand mit aufrechten,         starren Borstenhaaren mit starker basaler epidermaler Wölbung, 1,5—2,5 mm lang. Kelchblätter am adaxialen Rand mit subtomentosem Indument aus         gewellten Trichomen ohne basale epidermale Wölbung. ...... 2. Cryptantha peruviana     II.* Wickel beblättert. Klausenoberfläche nicht mosaikartig gefeldert, aber mit papillenförmigen Erhebungen besetzt, Cicatrix zentral geschlossen oder nur           schmal geöffnet, basal gabelig geöffnet. Indument der Blätter hispid, mit aufrechten oder halbaufrechten Trichomen mit schwacher oder fehlender basaler           epidermaler Wölbung, 0,3—1,3 mm lang. Kelchblätter am adaxialen Rand mit hispidem Indument aus geraden Trichomen mit schwacher oder fehlender           basaler epidermaler Wölbung.           III. Corolla stieltellerförmig, Durchmesser 3—6 mm. Infloreszenz ein Thyrsoid mit terminalem Doppelwickel, Kelche zur Fruchtreife locker an der (scheinbaren)                Blütenstandsachse verteilt. Griffel überragt reife Klausen um ein Drittel ihrer Länge. ...... 3. Cryptantha granulosa           III.* Corolla trichterförmig, Durchmesser 1,5—2 mm. Infloreszenz ein Thyrsoid mit gemischtem terminalen Dichasium, Kelche stehen zur Fruchtreife dicht an                 der (scheinbaren) Blütenstandsachse. Griffel überragt reife Klausen nur wenig.                 IV. Indument der Sproßachse hispid aus aufrechten Trichomen. Corolla viel kürzer als Kelch, Kelch zur Fruchtreife krugförmig mit nach außen                      gerichteten Kelchblattspitzen, 5—7 mm lang, an der Spitze 4—8 mm breit. Blätter 2—9 mm breit. Jede Blüte eines Wickels mit einem                      Tragblatt. ...... 4. Cryptantha limensis                 IV.* Indument der Sproßachse strigos-hispid aus anliegenden und aufrechten Trichomen. Corolla den Kelch überragend, Kelch zur Fruchtreife schmal                       becherförmig, 4—5 mm lang, an der Spitze 1,5 mm breit. Blätter 1—2 mm breit. Wickel nur teilweise beblättert. ...... 5. Cryptantha filaginea (after/de after/de Schwarzer 2007, translated into English/tracudido en inglés) Identification key to the Peruvian species of Cryptantha I. Nutlets heteromorphic, the abaxial significantly larger (approx. 1.5 x), its cicatrix [attachment scar] opening broadly, crescent-shaped at the base and occupying     the entire ventral nutlet base, almost inextricably linked with the gynobase. The remaining nutlets very small, 0.5-1 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, their cicatrices     [attachment scars] open in a narrow triangular shape at the base. All nutlets with a narrow edge, separated from the rest of the nutlet body. Corolla base with     outgrowths (basal scales). Calyx very small, 1.6-2.5 mm long when the fruit is ripe. ...... 1. Cryptantha parviflora = Johnstonella parviflora I.* Nutlets homomorphic, at most the adaxial a little larger than the rest, its cicatrix [attachment scar] not morphologically different, but firmly attached to the     gynobase. All nutlets of a group 1.2-2 mm long, 0.6-1 mm wide, their cicatrices [attachment scars] open at the base, forked or narrowly triangular, without an edge     separated from the rest of the nutlet body. Basal outgrowths of the corolla absent. Calyx 3–7 mm long when the fruit is ripe.     II. Flowers ebracteate. Nutlet surfaces mosaic-like, papillate, Cicatrix over the entire length open, narrowing at the base into a triangle. Leaf indumentum         heterotrich-hispid, on the abaxial midrib and leaf margin with upright, rigid bristle hairs having a strong basal epidermal bulge, 1.5-2.5 mm long.         Sepals adaxial margin with a subtomentose indument of wavy trichomes with no basal epidermal bulge. ...... 2. Cryptantha peruviana     II.* Flowers bracteate. Nutet surfaces not mosaic-like, but covered with papillae. Cicatrix closed centrally or only narrowly opened, forked at base.         Leaf indumentum hispid, with erect or semi-erect trichomes having weak or absent basal epidermal bulge, 0.3-1.3 mm long. Sepal adaxial margins with         hispid indument of straight trichomes having weak or missing basal epidermal bulge.           III. Corolla salverform, limb 3–6 mm in diameter. Inflorescence thyrsoid with terminal bifid cymules, calyces in fruit arranged loosely on the cymule axes.               Style extending beyond mature nutlets by a third of their length. ...... 3. Cryptantha granulosa           III.* Corolla funnel-shaped, limb 1.5-2 mm in diameter. Inflorescence thyrsoid with mixed terminal dichasia, calyces in fruit close together. Style extending                 only slightly beyond mature nutlets.                 IV. Stem vestiture hispid from erect trichomes. Corolla much shorter than calyx, calyx when ripe, urceolate with outward pointed sepal tips 5–7 mm long,                       apically 4–8 mm wide. Leaves 2–9 mm wide. Each flower bracteate. ...... 4. Cryptantha limensis                 IV.* Stem vestiture strigose-hispid from adjoining and upright trichomes. Corolla protruding from the calyx, calyx when ripe narrow, cup-shaped, 4-5 mm                       long, apically 1.5 mm wide. Flowers only partially bracteate. ...... 5. Cryptantha filaginea

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