Pronunciation/Pronunciación:	Cryp-tán-tha
Etymology/Etimología:	krypto/crypto, "hidden / econdido" + anthos, "flower / flor," after the cleistogamous flowers in the type species / de las flores cleistógamas en la especies tipo
Synonyms/Sinónimos:	Echinospermum Sw. ex Lehm. Eremocarya Greene Eritrichium Schrad. ex Gaudin Greeneocharis Gürke & Harms Hemisphaerocarya Brand Johnstonella Brand Krynitzkia Fisch. & C.A. Meyer, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 7: 52. 1841 Lithospermum L. Myosotis L. Oreocarya Greene Piptocalyx Torr., ined. Rochelia Rch. Wheelerella G.B. Grant, ined.]
Type Species/EspeciesTipo:	Cryptantha glomerata Lehmann ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4(1): 373 (1837)       Lectotype chosen by Johnston 1935, J. Arnold Arbor. 16(2): 196. 1935 [24 Apr 1935]

Distribution of Cryptantha:
LEFT: GBIF 2019: https://www.gbif.org. Accessed 24 Dec 2019.
RIGHT: POWO. 2019. Plants of the World Online. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. Green=native. Accessed 24 Dec 2019.

TOTAL NUMBER OF TAXA IN GENUS: 110 species and 125 minimally ranked taxa FULL SYNONOMY HERE

NORTH AMERICAN TAXA [SA = also in South America] 64 species (78 taxa) of Cryptantha in North America 64 especies (78 taxones) de Cryptantha de Norteamericana Johnston's 1925 Treatment Jepson eFlora Treatment (2021; California taxa only) List by Sections/Series	SOUTH AMERICAN TAXA [NA = also in North America] 47 species (48 taxa) of Cryptantha in South America 47 especies (48 taxones) de Cryptantha de Sudamericana Johnston's 1927 Treatment Johnston's 1929 Treatment List by Sections/Series

TAXON/TAXÓN                                                                 COUNTRY/PAÍS Cryptantha affinis (A.Gray) Greene Canada USA Cryptantha ambigua (A.Gray) Greene Canada USA Cryptantha arenophila Rebman & M.G.Simpson Mexico   Cryptantha barbigera (A.Gray) Greene Mexico USA    var. barbigera Mexico USA    var. fergusoniae J.F.Macbride USA Cryptantha catalinensis M.G.Simpson & Rebman USA Cryptantha clementina Rebman & M.G.Simpson USA Cryptantha clevelandii Greene Mexico USA    var. clevelandii Mexico USA    var. florosa I.M.Johnston Mexico USA Cryptantha clokeyi I.M.Johnston  1B.2 USA Cryptantha corollata (I.M.Johnston) I.M.Johnston   USA Cryptantha crassisepala (Torrey & A Gray) Greene USA    var. crassisepala USA    var. elachantha I.M.Johnston   USA Cryptantha crinita Greene 1B.2 USA Cryptantha cycloptera (Greene) Greene    Mexico USA    f. truncata M.E.Mabry & Rebman   USA Cryptantha decipiens (M.E.Jones) A.Heller Mexico USA Cryptantha dissita I.M.Johnston 1B.2  BE/SI USA Cryptantha dumetorum (Greene ex A.Gray) Greene USA Cryptantha echinella Greene USA Cryptantha echinosepala J.F.Macbride   Mexico   Cryptantha excavata Brandegee 1B.1  WI   USA Cryptantha fendleri (A.Gray) Greene 2B.2 Canada USA Cryptantha flaccida (Douglas ex Lehmann) Greene  WI USA Cryptantha foliosa (Greene) Greene Mexico   Cryptantha ganderi I.M.Johnston 1B.1   Mexico USA Cryptantha glomeriflora Greene 4.3 USA Cryptantha gracilis Osterhout USA Cryptantha grandiflora Rydberg USA Cryptantha hendersonii (A.Nelson) Piper ex J.C.Nelson USA Cryptantha hispidissima Greene USA Cryptantha hispidula Greene ex Brand  SE USA Cryptantha hooveri I.M.Johnston 1A USA Cryptantha incana Greene 1B.3   USA Cryptantha intermedia (A.Gray) Greene   Canada? Mexico USA   var. johnstonii J.F.Macbride Mexico USA   var. intermedia  WI/IN  Mexico USA Cryptantha juniperensis R.B.Kelley & M.G.Simpson   Mexico USA Cryptantha kelseyana Greene Canada USA Cryptantha kinkiensis Rebman & M.G.Simpson USA Cryptantha leiocarpa (Fischer & C.A.Meyer) Greene   USA Cryptantha mariposae I. M. Johnston 1B.3  SE   USA Cryptantha maritima (Greene) Greene  SA   Mexico USA    var. cedrosensis (Greene) I. M. Johnston Mexico    var. maritima Mexico USA    var. pilosa I. M. Johnston  SA Mexico USA    var. vizcainensis Rebman & M.G.Simpson Mexico   Cryptantha martirensis M. G. Simpson & Rebman Mexico   Cryptantha micromeres (A.Gray) Greene Mexico USA Cryptantha microstachys (Greene ex A.Gray) Greene Mexico USA Cryptantha milobakeri I.M.Johnston  SI USA Cryptantha minima Rydberg USA Cryptantha mohavensis (Greene) Greene USA Cryptantha muricata (Hooker & Arnott) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbride Mexico USA    var. denticulata (Greene) I. M. Johnston USA    var. jonesii (A. Gray) I. M. Johnston Mexico USA    var. muricata USA Cryptantha nemaclada Greene USA Cryptantha nevadensis A.Nelson & P.B.Kennedy USA Cryptantha oxygona (A.Gray) Greene USA Cryptantha patula Greene Mexico   Cryptantha pondii Greene Mexico   Cryptantha pterocarya (Torrey) Greene  Mexico USA   var. pterocarya Mexico USA      f. pseudocycloptera M.E.Mabry & M.G.Simpson Mexico USA   var. purpusii Jepson Mexico USA   var. stenoloba I.M.Johnston USA Cryptantha rattanii Greene 4.3 USA Cryptantha recurvata Coville USA Cryptantha rostellata (Greene) Greene 4.2 USA Cryptantha scoparia A.Nelson 4.3 USA Cryptantha simulans Greene USA Cryptantha sparsiflora (Greene) Greene USA Cryptantha spithamaea I.M.Johnston 1B.3 USA Cryptantha texana (A.DC.) Greene USA Cryptantha torreyana (A.Gray) Greene Canada USA    var. pumila (A. Heller) I.M.Johnston USA    var. torreyana Canada USA Cryptantha traskiae I.M.Johnston 1B.1 USA Cryptantha utahensis (A.Gray) Greene Mexico USA Cryptantha watsonii (A.Gray) Greene Canada USA Cryptantha whippleae D.A.York & M.G.Simpson 1B* Mexico USA Cryptantha wigginsii I.M.Johnston 1B.2 Mexico USA

TAXON/TAXÓN                                                                COUNTRY/PAÍS Cryptantha alfalfalis (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha alyssoides (DC.) Reiche Chile Cryptantha aprica (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha argentea I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha aspera (Philippi) Grau Chile Cryptantha calycina (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha calycotricha I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha capituliflora (Clos) Reiche Argentina Chile Cryptantha chaetocalyx (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha chispae Grau Chile Cryptantha cynoglossoides (Philippi) I.M.Johnston [Grau 1981] Argentina Chile Cryptantha debilis (Philippi) Reiche Bolivia Chile Cryptantha dichita (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha diffusa (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Argentina Bolivia Chile Cryptantha dimorpha (Philippi) Greene [Grau 1981] Chile Cryptantha dolichophylla (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha filaginea (Philippi) Reiche Chile Peru Cryptantha filiformis (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha gayi I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha globulifera (Clos) Reiche Argentina Chile Cryptantha glomerata Lehmann ex G.Don Chile    subsp. glomerata Chile    subsp. quadrinuculata Grau Chile Cryptantha glomerulifera (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Argentina Chile Cryptantha gnaphalioides (A.DC.) Reiche Chile Cryptantha granulosa (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.Johnston Peru Cryptantha hispida (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha involucrata (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha haplostachya (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha kingii (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha latefissa R.L.Pérez-Mor. Argentina Cryptantha limensis (A.DC.) I.M.Johnston Chile Peru Cryptantha linearis (Colla) Greene Chile Cryptantha longifolia (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha marioricardiana Teillier [tentative] Chile Cryptantha maritima (Greene) Greene NA Argentina    var. pilosa I.M.Johnston  NA Argentina   Cryptantha marticorenae Grau Chile Cryptantha mendocina I.M.Johnston Argentina Cryptantha papillosa R.L.Pérez-Mor. Argentina Cryptantha patagonica (Speg.) I.M.Johnston Argentina Cryptantha peruviana I.M.Johnston Bolivia Peru Cryptantha phaceloides (Clos) Reiche Chile Cryptantha romanii I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha spathulata (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha subamplexicaulis (Philippi) Reiche Chile Cryptantha taltalensis I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha varians Brand   Peru Cryptantha volckmannii (Philippi) I.M.Johnston Chile Cryptantha werdermanniana I.M.Johnston Chile     UNKNOWN/UNCERTAIN   Cryptantha unknown - South America

California Native Plant Society (CNPS) Inventory Listings:

1A = Plants presumed extirpated in California and either rare or extinct elsewhere 1B = Plants rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere 2A = Plants presumed extirpated in California but common elsewhere 2B = Plants rare, threatened, or endangered in California but common elsewhere 3 = Plants about which more information is needed, a review list 4 = Plants of limited distribution, a watch list .1 = Seriously threatened in California — Over 80% of occurrences threatened / high degree and immediacy of threat .2 = Moderately threatened in California — 20-80% of occurrences threatened / moderate degree and immediacy of threat .3 = Not very threatened in California — Less than 20% of occurrences threatened / low degree and immediacy of threat or no current threats known * = Recommended; review upcoming

Plant Taxa with High Affinity to Ultramafic Substrates in California (after Safford et al. 2005, Safford and Miller 2020):

BE/SI = Broad Endemic/Strong Indicator SE = Strong Endemic SI = Strong Indicator

WI = Weak Indicator WI/IN = Weak Indicator/Indifferent

KEYS/CLAVES TO CALIFORNIA CRYPTANTHA (Jepson eFlora)

KEYS/CLAVES TO SOUTH AMERICAN CRYPTANTHA

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF AMSINCKIINAE, including Cryptantha


LITERATURE CITED:

Don, G. 1837. A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants (Original Title: A General System of Gardening and Botany). Gilbert & Rivington, London, UK. Grau, J. 1981. Zwei neue Arten der Gattung Cryptantha Lehm. (Boraginaceae) und ihre systematische Stellung. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 17:511-526. Grau, J. 1982. Die annuellen sippen von Cryptantha sect. Cryptantha in Chile. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 18:379-400. Hasenstab-Lehman, K. E. and M. G. Simpson. 2012. Cat’s eyes and popcorn flowers: Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cryptantha s.l. (Boraginaceae). Systematic Botany 37:738–757. Johnston, I. M. 1924. Studies in the Boraginaceae III. Notes on miscellaneous American Boraginaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 73: 73-78. Johnston, I. M. 1925. Studies in the Boraginaceae IV. The North American species of Cryptantha. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 74:1-114. Johnston, I. M. 1927. Studies in the Boraginaceae VI. A revision of the South American Boraginoideae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 78:1-118. Johnston, I. M. 1928. Studies in the Boraginaceae–VII. 2. Notes on various Boraginoideae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 81:73-83. Johnston, I. M. 1929. I. Papers on the flora of northern Chile. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 85:1-172. Johnston, I. M. 1930. Studies in the Boraginaceae,—VIII. II. Taxonomic note concerning various Borages. Contributions from the Gray Hebarium of Harvard University 92:89-95. Johnston, I. M. 1935. Studies in the Boraginaceae XI. Notes on Brand’s treatment of Cryptantha. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 16:168-173. Johnston, I. M. 1935. Studies in the Boraginaceae XI. New or otherwise noteworthy species. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 16:173-205. Johnston, I. M. 1937. Studies in the Boraginaceae XII. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 18:1-25. Johnston, I. M. 1939. Studies in the Boraginaceae, XIII: New or otherwise noteworthy species, chiefly from western United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20:375-402. Johnston, I. M. 1940. Studies in the Boraginaceae XIV. Miscellaneous species from Asia, Malaysia, and America. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 21:48-66. Johnston, I. M. 1959. Some noteworthy Borages. Wrightia 2:13-22. Johnston, I. M. 1961. Notes on some Texan borages. Wrightia 2:158-162. Kelley, R. B., M. G. Simpson, and K. E. Hasenstab. 2012. Cryptantha. Pp. 455-468 in B. G. Baldwin, D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken (eds.),       The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Second Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. Mabry, M. E., R. A. Dowdy, L. M. Simpson, J. P. Rebman, and M. G. Simpson. 2016. Taxonomy of the winged popcorn flower: Cryptantha pterocarya (Boraginaceae). Phytotaxa 253:97-130. Mabry, M. E. and M. G. Simpson. 2018. Evaluating the monophyly and biogeography of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae). Systematic Botany 43:53-76. Macbride, J. F. 1960. Botanical Series Field Museum of Natural History 13:1-854 (Boraginaceae 539-609, Cryptatha 601-605). Moroni, P., A. Martínez, and M. G. Simpson. 2021. Nomenclatural revision of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae s. str.) names linked to South American taxa. PhytoKeys 181:29-47. Pérez-Moreau, R. L. 1976. Revisión del género Cryptantha en la Argentina (Boraginaceae). Darwiniana 20:155-188. Rebman, J. P. and M. G. Simpson. 2022. Three new species of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) from the Southern Channel Islands of California. Madroño 69:111-134. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-69.1.111 Safford, H.D., J.H. Vires, and S.P. Harrison. 2005. Serpentine Endemism in the California Flora: A Database of Serpentine Affinity. Madroño 52:222-257. Simpson, M. G. and R. B. Kelley. 2017. Cryptantha nevadensis var. rigida elevated to species with a new name, C. juniperensis. Phytotaxa 295:227-236. Simpson, M. G., C. M. Guilliams, K. E. Hasenstab-Lehman, M. E. Mabry, and L. Ripma. 2017. Phylogeny of the popcorn flowers: Use of genome skimming to evaluate monophyly       and interrelationships in subtribe Amsinckiinae (Boraginaceae). Taxon 66:1406–1420. Simpson, M. G. and J. P. Rebman. 2021. Research in Boraginaceae: A new variety of Cryptantha maritima, Cryptantha pondii resurrected, and Johnstonella echinosepala transferred back to Cryptantha. Phytotaxa 509:185–210. Simpson, M.G. & Rebman, J.P. 2021. A new species of Cryptantha restricted to dunes in northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Madroño 68: 126-136. Simpson, M. G. and D. A. York. 2024. Cryptantha whippleae, a new serpentine adapted species endemic to northern California, U.S.A. Phytokeys 247:155–172. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.247.132060

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