Plagiobothrys-South American Key

Nutlet image of Adelinia Nutlet image of Amsinckia Nutlet image of Amsinckiopsis Nutlet image of Andersonglossum Nutlet image of Cryptantha Nutlet image of Dasynotus Nutlet image of Eremocarya Nutlet image of Greeneocharis Nutlet image of Gruvelia Nutlet image of Harpagonella Nutlet image of Johnstonella Nutlet image of Oncaglossum Nutlet image of Oreocarya Nutlet image of Pectocarya Nutlet image of Plagiobothrys Nutlet image of Simpsonanthus Nutlet image of Sonnea
Adelinia Amsinckia Amsinckiopsis Andersonglossum Cryptantha Dasynotus Eremocarya Greeneocharis Gruvelia Harpagonella Johnstonella Oncaglossum Oreocarya Pectocarya Plagiobothrys Simpsonanthus Sonnea

Systematics of Amsinckiinae (Boraginaceae): The Popcorn Flowers

[Amsinckiinae HOME]

Plagiobothrys Fischer & C.A.Meyer

Index Seminum [St.Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 2: 46[21] (1836)

[Plagiobothrys HOME]

KEYS/CLAVES TO SOUTH AMERICAN PLAGIOBOTHRYS (after/de Johnston 1927)

Lower leaves crowded to form a rosette and their opposite arrangement obscured § Euplagiobothrys
    Racemes bractless; nutlets 2.5–3 mm. long , with an excavated annulate carunculate scar; plant 1.5–5 dm. tall, dyestained only on root and on midribs and bases of lower leaves ...... P. fulvus
    Racemes bracted; nutlets 1-2 mm. long, with solid scar; plant 0.5–2 dm. tall, dye-stained throughout
       
Plant prostrate or spreading; nutlets 1.3–2 mm. long, with low rounded ridges; Argentina and Chile ...... P. verrucosus
        Plant erect or strictly ascending; nutlets 1–1.5 mm. long, with sharp well developed ridges or papillae; Crule and Peru ...................................... P. tinctorius = P. myosotoides
Lower leaves not crowded to form a rosette, loose, with the lowermost evidently opposite
    Ventral keel drawn out below the middle into a short stipe bearing the areola. § Echidiocarya ...... P. collinus
    Ventral keel not at all drawn out into a stipe, the areola sessile. § Allocarya
        Corolla much surpassed by calyx; plant ca. 5 cm. tall; leaves filiform1 0.5-2 cm. long, 1 mm. broad; calyx cylindrical, subse sile, strict, 2.7-3 mm. long;
            a very poorly understood species of central Chile ...... P. armeriifolius
        Corolla at length equalling and usually clearly surpassing the calyx
            Plant perennial, mostly of high altitudes
                Plants densely strigose; stems ascending; southern Chile.
                    Stems with only a single pair of opposite leaves; leaves 2–5 cm. long, 1–2.5 mm. broad ...... P. germaini
                    Stems with 4-6 pairs of opposite leaves; leaves 1–2.5 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. broad ...... P. foliosus
                Plants sparsely villous or glabrescent; stems prostrate or long-trailing; northern Argentina to Colombia.
                    Style very much surpassing the mature fruit; flowers in axils of cauline leaves or in subacaulescent forms from a leafy tuft and seemingly scapose;
                        corolla 4-6 mm. broad; pedicels 3–6 mm. long, slender; Lake Titicaca Region ...... P. kunthii
                    Style short, shorter than or at most reaching to the tips of the nutlets
                        Flowers racemose, in axils of alternately disposed bract; Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina.
                            Tips of calyx-lobes darkly tawny; racemes usually elongate and loose; foliage very sparsely strigose or glabrescent ...... P. humilis
                            Tips of calyx-lobes at most pale straw -colored; racemes usually glomerate; foliage cinerescent, hispid-villous ...... P. congestus
                        Flowers solitary in the axil of the opposite cauline leaves; Ecuador and Colombia
                            Corolla 2.5-3.3 mm. broad; mature calyx with short obscure pedicels 0.3-0.9 mm. long; leaves narrowly oblance-linear, 0. 1.5 cm. long, 0.8-1.1 mm. broad ...... P. pygmaeus
                            Corolla 4-6 mm. broad; mature calyx with evident pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long; leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. broad ...... P. linifolius
            Plant annual, mostly from low altitudes
                Corolla inconspicuous or small, 1–3 mm. broad.
                    Nutlets not rugose, merely tuberculate or papillate; scar large, concave or somewhat excavated; Peru ...... P. macbridei
                    Nutlets always somewhat transversely rugose, frequently also more or less tuberculate or papillate; Chile.
                        Nutlets with an excavated or decidedly concave scar, reticulate-rugose, all somewhat tuberculate or papillate or subulate-appendaged or commonly only the more or less
                            heteromorphous axial one so, appendages frequently glochidiate ...... P. procumbems
                        Nutlets with a solid scar, not papillate or subulate-appendaged, definitely homomorphous; appendages never glochidiate.
                            Nutlets narrowly reticulate-rugose, ovate, ca. 1 mm. long ...... P. polycaulis
                            Nutlets broadly transverse-rugose, usually narrowly ovate, 1.5-2.3 mm. long
                                Nutlets decidedly compressed, with a convex or very broadly (obtuse-)angled anterior face ...... P. calandrinioides
                                Nutlets weakly compressed, with a prominently (right-)angled anterior face ...... P. oppositifolius
                Corolla evident to large, (3–)4–6 mm. broad
                    Nutlets sparsely but prominently papillate, transverse rugae obscure or none ...... P. pulchellus
                    Nutlets reticulate-rugose
                        Reticulate ridging of nutlets prominent and narrow ...... P. uliginosus
                        Reticulate ridging of nutlets low and broad
                            Lower pedicels elongating, very slender, 4-8 mm. long ...... P. pedicellaris
                           
Lower pedicels, 0.5-3 mm. long
                                Herbage sparsely and inconspicuously strigose; style surpassing the nutlets ...... P. corymbosus
                                Herbage densely strigose; style reaching to the tips of the outlets ...... P. pratensis


Note: Not including: P. gracilis.


KEYS/CLAVES TO SOUTH AMERICAN PLAGIOBOTHRYS (after/de Horn 2000)

9.1. Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Arten der Gattung Plagiobothrys in Chile und den angrenzenden Gebieten:

1. Cicatrix der Klausen zentral positioniert ... 2
    2. Pflanzen mit gestauchter Sprossachse, der Blütenbereich daher kurz über dem Grund beginnend, Cicatrix deutlich gestielt (Echidiocarya) ... P. collinus
    2' Pflanzen mit gestreckter Sprossachse und deutlich ausgebildeter grundständiger Blattrosette (Plagiobothrys) ... 3
        3. Blüten ohne Tragblätter, Cicatrix tief trichterartig ausgehöhlt und durch einen wulstartigen Gewebering vom Klausenkörper abgesetzt ... P. fulvus
        3' Blüten mit Tragblättern, Cicatrix flach konkav bis ausgefüllt ... 4
            4. Stengelblätter linealisch, bis 2,0 cm lang und 3,0 mm breit, Klausen klein, bis 1,4 mm lang und 1,1 mm breit ... P. myosotoides ssp. myosotoides
            4' Stengelblätter schmal eiförmig, bis 2,5 cm lang und 4,0 mm breit, Klausen gross, bis 1,8 mm lang und 1,5 mm breit ... P. myosotoides ssp. verrucosus, ined.
1' Cicatrix der Klausen basal positioniert (Allocarya) ... 5
    5. Blüten im apikalen Bereich ohne Tragblätter ... 6
        6. Pflanzen mit gestreckter Sprossachse ... 7
            7. Blüten im Durchmesser 4,8–5,2 mm, Klausen klein, 1,2–1,5 mm lang und 0,8–1,0 mm breit, Oberfläche der Klausen mit langen, leicht abgerundeten Emergenzen bedeckt ... P. pulchellus
            7' Blüten grosser, Klausen länger als 1,5 mm, Oberfläche der Klausen ohne lange Emergenzen ... 8
                8. Blüten gross, im Durchmesser 5,7–6,0 mm, Klausen im Umriss breit dreieckig bis breiteiförmig ... P. uliginosus
                8' Blüten kleiner, im Durchmesser 5,0–5,6 mm, Klausen im Umriss eiförmig bis trullat ... P. pratensis
        6' Pflanzen mit gestauchter Sprossachse ... 9
            9. Blüten klein, im Durchmesser < 5 mm, Griffel zur Fruchtreife kürzer oder so lang wie die Klausen ... 10
                10. Pflanzen einjährig, ohne verholzte Basis, Blüten im Durchmesser 3,0–3,3 mm, Klausen 1,0–1,2 mm lang und 0,8–0,9 mm breit, Oberfläche der Klausen mit schmalen hohen,
                      scharf hervorstehenden Rippen unregelmässig netzartig überzogen ... P. sessiliflorus, ined.
                10' Pflanzen ausdauernd, mit leicht verholzter Basis, Blüten im Durchmesser > 3,5 mm, Klausen länger als 1,2 mm, nicht mit schmalen hohen Rippen . . . 11
                      11. Blüten klein, im Durchmesser 3,5–3,7 mm, Klausen klein, 1,2–1,4 mm lang, 0,8–0,9 mm breit ... P. germainii
                      11' Blüten gross, im Durchmesser 4,5–5,0 mm, Klausen gross, 1,4–2,0 mm lang und 0,8 –1,0 mm breit ... P. foliosus
            9' Blüten gross, im Durchmesser > 5 mm, Griffel zur Fruchtreife so lang oder länger als die Klausen ... 12
                12. Blütenstiel zur Fruchtreife sehr stark verlängert (bis zu 6,5 mm lang), Griffel zur Fruchtreife deutlich länger als die Klausen ... P. pedicellaris
                12' Blütenstiel zur Fruchtreife nur wenig verlängert, Griffel zur Fruchtreife so lang oder etwas länger als die Klausen ... P. corymbosus
    5' Blüten im apikalen Bereich mit Tragblättern ... 13
       13. Pflanzen mit aufrechten Trieben ... 14
             14. Blüten gross, im Durchmesser 3,0–3,3 mm, Klausen gross, 1,5–1,7 mm lang und 0,9 –1,1 mm breit, Oberfläche der Klausen von sehr breiten Rippen überzogen, daher glattwirkend ... P. oppositifolius
             14' Blüten klein, im Durchmesser 2,3–2,5 mm, Klausen klein, 1,2–1,4 mm lang und 0,9 –1,0 mm breit, Oberfläche der Klausen von schmalen, deutlich hervorstehenden Rippenüberzogen, daher rauh wirkend ... P. vernus, ined.
       13' Pflanzen mit niederliegenden bis aufsteigenden, oder kriechenden Trieben und/oder dichte Polster bildend ... 15
            15. Pflanzen mit niederliegenden bis aufsteigenden Trieben ... 16
                  16. Cicatrix der Klausen tief trichterartig ausgeh hlt und durch einen wulstartigen Gewebering vom Klausenk rper abgesetzt ... 17
                        17. Nur 3 Klausen einer Blüte gleich, mit tuberkelartigen runden Erhebungen, die Vierte deutlich anders, mit Glochidien. ... P. procumbens
                        17' Alle 4 Klausen einer Blüte gleich ... 18
                             18. Klausen mit langen Glochidien, Blüten gross, im Durchmesser 2,9–3,2 mm, Klausen gross, 1,6–1,8 mm lang und 1,0–1,3 mm breit ... P. gracilis
                             18' Klausen mit corniculaten Tuberkeln, Blüten klein, im Durchmesser 2,6–2,8 mm, Klausen klein, 1,2–1,6 mm lang und 0,8–1,0 mm breit ... P. corniculatus, ined.
                  16' Cicatrix der Klausen flach konkav bis ausgefüllt, ohne Gewebering ... 19
                        19. Blüten klein, in Durchmesser < als 3,0 mm, Klausen gross, 1,6–1,8 mm lang und 0,7–0,8 mm breit, Kelchzähne an der Spitze mit orangefarbenen pinselartigen Haarbüscheln ... P. magellanicus
                        19' Blüten grösser, im Durchmesser > als 3,0 mm, Klausen kleiner ... 20
                              20. Blüten im Durchmesser 3,5–3,7 mm, Klausen im Umriss breit dreieckig bis breit trullat ... P. polycaulis
                              20' Blüten im Durchmesser 3,2–3,5 mm, Klausen im Umriss schmal dreieckig bis schmal eiförmig ... P. graminifolius, ined.
            15' Pflanzen mit kriechenden Trieben, an mehreren Knoten wurzelnd und/oder dichte Polster bildend ... 21
                  21. Blüten sehr gross, im Durchmesser 6,0–7,0 mm, Klausen mit Hakenhaaren, Pflanzen dichte Polster bildend, nur aus Peru und Bolivien bekannt ... P. kunthii
                  21' Durchmesser der Blüten kleiner als 6,0 mm ... 22
                        22. Blüten im Durchmesser > als 2,0 mm ... 23
                              23. Klausen mit schmalen, deutlich hervorstehenden Rippen, im Umriss eiförmig bis schmal trullat, Griffel zur Fruchtreife 1/2 mal so lang wie die Klausen ... P. calandrinioides
                              23' Klausen mit flachen Rippen oder leistenartigen Aufwölbungen, im Umriss eiförmig bis breit trullat, Griffel zur Fruchtreife so lang oder länger als die Klausen ... 24
                                    24. Pflanzen dicht behaart, Kelchzahnspitzen mit rostroten Haaren, Blüten im Durchmesser 2,0–2,2 mm, Oberfläche der Klausen mit kurzen leistenartigen Aufwölbungen ... P. humilis
                                    24' Pflanzen spärlich behaart, Kelchzahnspitzen ohne rostrote Haare, Blüten im Durchmesser grösser als 2,3 mm, Oberfläche der Klausen mit sehr flachen rippenartigen Erhebungen ... 25
                                          25. Klausen gross, 1,3–1,6 mm lang und 0,9–1,2 mm breit, Blüten gross, im Durchmesser 3,8– 4,1 mm, Pflanze in allen Merkmalen grösser ... P. linifolius ssp. linifolius
                                          25' Klausen klein, 1,2–1,4 mm lang und 0,7–0,9 mm breit, Blüten klein, im Durchmesser 2,3–2,5 mm, Pflanze in allen Merkmalen kleiner ... P. linifolius ssp. pygmaeus, ined.
                        22' Blüten im Durchmesser < als 2,0 mm ... 26
                              26. Blüten klein, im Durchmesser 1,6–1,8 mm, Klausen breit trullat, klein, 0,9–1,1 mm lang und 0,6–0,8 mm breit, Cicatrix der Klausen klein, (nimmt ein Drittel der Längsachse ein),
                                    Griffel zur Fruchtreife kürzer als die Klausen ... P. congestus
                              26' Blüten winzig, im Durchmesser 0,9–1,2 mm, Klausen schmal trullat, gross, 1,2–1,5 mm lang und 0,8–1,1 mm breit, Cicatrix der Klausen gross (nimmt fast die Hälfte der Längsachse ein),
                                    Griffel zur Fruchtreife so lang wie die Klausen ... P. macbridei

English Translation:
9.1 Identification key for the species of the genus Plagiobothrys in Chile and the adjacent areas:

1. Attachment scar of the fruit centrally positioned ... 2
    2. Plants with a shortened stem, the flowering area therefore beginning just above the base, attachment scar distinctly stalked (Echidiocarya) ... P. collinus
    2' Plants with an elongated stem and a clearly developed basal rosette of leaves (Plagiobothrys) ... 3
        3. Flowers without bracts, attachment scar deeply funnel-shaped and separated from the nutlet body by a bulge-like ring of tissue.... P. fulvus
        3' Flowers with bracts, attachment scar flat concave to solid... 4
            4. Stem leaves linear, up to 2.0 cm long and 3.0 mm wide; nutlets small, up to 1.4 mm long and 1.1 mm wide... P. myosotoides ssp. myosotoides
            4' Stem leaves narrowly ovate, up to 2.5 cm long and 4.0 mm wide; nutlets large, up to 1.8 mm long and 1.5 mm wide ... P. myosotoides ssp. verrucosus, ined.
1' Attachment scar of the fruit basally positioned (Allocarya) ... 5
    5. Flowers in the apical region without bracts ... 6
        6. Plants with an elongated stem ... 7
            7. Flowers 4.8–5.2 mm in diameter, nutlets small, 1.2–1.5 mm long and 0.8–1.0 mm wide, surface of the nutlets covered with long, slightly rounded emergences ... P. pulchellus
            7' Flowers larger, nutlets longer than 1.5 mm, nutlet surface without long emergences ... 8
                8. Flowers large, 5.7–6.0 mm in diameter; nutlets broadly triangular to broadly oval in outline ... P. uliginosus
                8' Flowers smaller, 5.0–5.6 mm in diameter; nutlets ovate to trullate in outline ... P. pratensis
        6' Plants with a shortened stem axis ... 9
            9. Flowers small, < 5 mm in diameter; styles at fruit maturity shorter than or as long as the nutlets ... 10
                10. Annual plants, without a woody base, flowers 3.0–3.3 mm in diameter, nutlets 1.0–1.2 mm long and 0.8–0.9 mm wide, surface of the nutlets irregularly covered with narrow, high,
                      sharply protruding ribs in a net-like pattern ... P. sessiliflorus, ined.
                10' Plants perennial, with a slightly woody base, flowers > 3.5 mm in diameter, nutlets longer than 1.2 mm, without narrow, high ribs ... 11
                      11. Flowers small, 3.5–3.7 mm in diameter; nutlets small, 1.2–1.4 mm long, 0.8–0.9 mm wide ... P. germainii
                      11' Flowers large, 4.5–5.0 mm in diameter; nutlets large, 1.4–2.0 mm long and 0.8–1.0 mm wide ... P. foliosus
            9' Flowers large, > 5 mm in diameter; styles at fruit maturity as long as or longer than the nutlets ... 12
                12. Flower stalk becoming very long at fruit ripening (up to 6.5 mm long), style significantly longer than the nutlets at fruit ripening ... P. pedicellaris
                12' Flower stalk only slightly elongated at fruit ripening; style at fruit ripening as long as or slightly longer than the nutlets ... P. corymbosus
    5' Flowers in the apical region with bracts ... 13
        13. Plants with upright shoots ... 14
              14. Flowers large, 3.0–3.3 mm in diameter; nutlets large, 1.5–1.7 mm long and 0.9–1.1 mm wide; surface of the nutlets covered with very broad ribs, therefore appearing smooth ... P. oppositifolius
              14' Flowers small, 2.3–2.5 mm in diameter; nutlets small, 1.2–1.4 mm long and 0.9–1.0 mm wide; nutlet surface covered with narrow, distinctly protruding ribs, therefore appearing rough ... P. vernus, ined.
                  13' Plants with prostrate to ascending, or creeping shoots and/or forming dense cushions ... 15
                        15. Plants with prostrate to ascending shoots ... 16
                              16. Attachment scar of the nutlets deeply hollowed out in a funnel shape and separated from the nutlet body by a ridge-like ring of tissue ... 17
                                    17. Only 3 nutlets of a flower resembling each other, with tubercle-like round elevations; the fourth clearly different, with glochids ... P. procumbens
                                    17' All 4 nutlets of a flower the same ... 18
                                          18. Nutlets with long glochids, flowers large, 2.9–3.2 mm in diameter, nutlets large, 1.6–1.8 mm long and 1.0–1.3 mm wide ... P. gracilis
                                          18' Nutlets with corniculate tubercles, flowers small, 2.6–2.8 mm in diameter, nutlets small, 1.2–1.6 mm long and 0.8–1.0 mm wide ... P. corniculatus, ined.
                              16' Attachment scar of the nutlets flat concave to filled, without tissue ring ... 19
                                   19. Flowers small, in diameter < 3.0 mm; nutlets large, 1.6–1.8 mm long and 0.7–0.8 mm wide; calyx teeth with orange, brush-like tufts of hair at the tip ... P. magellanicus, ined.
                                   19' Flowers larger, in diameter > 3.0 mm, nutlets smaller ... 20
                                        20. Flowers 3.5–3.7 mm in diameter, nutlets broadly triangular to broadly trullate in outline ... P. polycaulis
                                        20' Flowers 3.2–3.5 mm in diameter, nutlets narrowly triangular to narrowly ovate in outline ... P. graminifolius, ined.
                        15' Plants with creeping shoots, rooting at multiple nodes and/or forming dense cushions ... 21
                              21. Flowers very large, 6.0–7.0 mm in diameter; nutlets with hooked hairs; plants forming dense cushions; known only from Peru and Bolivia ... P. kunthii
                              21' Flower diameter less than 6.0 mm ... 22
                                    22. Flowers with a diameter greater than 2.0 mm ... 23
                                          23. Nutlets with narrow, distinctly protruding ribs, oval to narrowly trullate in outline; style at fruit maturity 1/2 times as long as the nutlets ... P. calandrinioides
                                          23' Nutlets with flat ribs or ridge-like protrusions, ovate to broadly trullate in outline; style at fruit maturity as long as or longer than the nutlets ... 24
                                                24. Plants densely hairy, calyx tooth tips with rust-red hairs, flowers 2.0–2.2 mm in diameter, nutlets with short, ridge-like protrusions on their surface ... P. humilis
                                                24' Plants sparsely hairy, calyx tooth tips without rust-red hairs, flowers larger than 2.3 mm in diameter, nutlets with very flat, rib-like elevations on their surface ... 25
                                                      25. Nutlets large, 1.3–1.6 mm long and 0.9–1.2 mm wide; flowers large, 3.8–4.1 mm in diameter; plant larger in all characteristics ... P. linifolius ssp. linifolius
                                                      25' Nutlets small, 1.2–1.4 mm long and 0.7–0.9 mm wide; flowers small, 2.3–2.5 mm in diameter; plant smaller in all characteristics ... P. linifolius ssp. pygmaeus, ined.
                                    22' Flowers with a diameter of less than 2.0 mm ... 26
                                          26. Flowers small, 1.6–1.8 mm in diameter; nutlets broadly trullate, small, 0.9–1.1 mm long and 0.6–0.8 mm wide; cicatrix of the nutlets small (occupies one third of the longitudinal axis);
                                               
style shorter than the nutlets at fruit maturity ... P. congestus
                                          26' Flowers tiny, 0.9–1.2 mm in diameter; nutlets narrowly trullate, large, 1.2–1.5 mm long and 0.8–1.1 mm wide; cicatrix of the nutlets large (occupies almost half the longitudinal axis);
                                                style as long as the nutlets at fruit maturity ... P. macbridei





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