APPENDIX 3. List of vascular plants with a temperate AAD distribution. Updated 14 Nov 2017.

   Tax. = taxonomic unit of comparison:
   Sp = single species occurring in both North America (NA) and South America (SA).
   Sp-InC = the same two infraspecies (varieties or subspecies) occurring in both NA and SA.
   Sp-InD = two different infraspecies (varieties or subspecies) occurring in both NA and SA.
   Sp-Sp = two different species, either sister- or closely related, occurring in NA and SA.
   Sp-Cl = a single species in the source region sister to a clade (of two or more species) in the recipient region.
   Cl-Sp = a clade (of two or more species) in the source region sister to a single species in the recipient region.
   Cl-Cl = a clade sister to another clade. For taxa names, [ ] = synonym(s).
   Dist. = distribution:
    AAD = American amphitropical disjust distribution generally well outside of tropical regions.
   eN = AAD distribution in eastern North America.
   eS = AAD distribution in eastern South America.
   eNS = AAD distribution in eastern North America and eastern South America.
   ewN = AAD distribution in eastern and western North America.
   tN = trans-North America, distribution significantly entering North American tropical zone.
   tS = trans-South America, distribution significantly entering South American tropical zone.
   tNS = trans-North and South America, distribution significantly entering North American and South American tropical zones.
   * = native distribution also occurring outside the western hemisphere.
C#-NA = chromosome number of North American taxon.
C#-SA = chromosome number of South American taxon.
   (Taxa specific to a count are indicated in parentheses; less commonly obtained chromosome counts or ploidy levels are indicated in brackets.)
Dur./Hab. = plant duration, either A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial, or a combination, and plant habit, either H = herb, S = shrub, T = tree, or a combination.
Disp. Dir. = direction of dispersal or migration from source area to recipient area as determined from phylogenetic studies, either N->S (NA to SA), S->N (SA to NA), or Equivocal.
Div. mya = mean time (mean ranges in parentheses) of divergence of NA and SA taxa/clades, either stated in or calculated from (*) literature soures.
Lit. Source = Literature source of phylogenetic or pertinent taxonomic studies, including those citing direction or time of divergence.
"—" = missing information. Distribution links largely from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

No. Region GROUP Family Genus Tax. Dist. AAD Taxon/Clade-NA SynonymyNA Dur.-Hab. NA Distribution: NA Distribution: Data Source C#-NA Chrom.Lit.-NAm AAD Taxon/Clade-SA SynonymySA SA Distribution: SA Distribution: Data Source C#-SA Chrom.Lit.-SAm Div. mya-Late Div. mya-Early Div. mya-Mean Notes Disp. Dir. Lit. Source
1 Temperate FERN Pteridaceae Pellaea Sp-Sp AAD Pellaea andromedifolia (Kaulf.) FŽe   P-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 58 Windham and Yatskievych, 2003 Pellaea myrtillifolia Mett. ex Kuhn   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
2 Temperate     Polystichum Sp-Sp AAD Polystichum lemmonii Underw.   P-H CAN,USA Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 82 Soltis et al., 1989 Polystichum mohrioides (Bory) Presl   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         P. scopulinum D. C. Eat. related sp.    
3 Temperate MONOCOT Cyperaceae Amphiscirpus Sp AAD Amphiscirpus nevadensis (S.Watson) Oteng-Yeb. Scirpus nevadensis S.Watson P-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ         Scirpus americanus Pers., S. californicus (C. A. Mey.) Steud., and S. chilensis Nees & Mey. ex Nees (S. olneyi A.Gray) occur more continuously through the tropics    
4 Temperate     Bolboschoenus Sp-InD tNS* Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla subsp. maritimus? Scirpus maritimus L. P-H     2n = 104 Lšve, 1981c Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla subsp. paludosus (A.Nelson) T.Koyama   ARG,BRA   Ñ              
5 Temperate     Carex Sp tS Carex praegracilis W. Boott   P-H     2n = 60 Lšve, 1981c                          "       Ñ         Perhaps not an AAD plant; southern distribution in n. South America.    
6 Temperate       Sp AAD* Carex pseudocyperus L.   P-H     2n = 66 Lšve, 1981c                          "       Ñ              
7 Temperate     Cyperus Sp eN Cyperus cephalanthus Torr. & Hook.   P-H USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
8 Temperate     Eleocharis Sp AAD* Eleocharis pachycarpa ƒ. Desv.   P-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ              
9 Temperate       Sp tNS Eleocharis exigua (Kunth) Roem. & Schult. Eleocharis radicans (A.Dietr.) Kunth P-H     Ñ                            "   ARG,BRA,CHL,PRY,URY   Ñ         E. rostellata Torr. has a similar distribution in NA    
10 Temperate     Schoenoplectus Sp tNS* Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla Scirpus validus Vahl. P-H     2n = 42 Stoeva, 1987                          "       Ñ              
11 Temperate   Juncaceae Juncus Sp AAD* Juncus acutus L.   P-H     2n = 48 Snogerup, 1993                          "       Ñ              
12 Temperate       Sp AAD Juncus lesueurii Bol. Juncus lescurii Bol., orth. var. P-H     Ñ                            "   Not in Southern Cone, SA. Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         Distribution in SA needs checking. Excluded from area of Southern Cone (Zuloaga et al., 2008). A coastal member of the J. arcticus complex.    
13 Temperate   Juncaginaceae Triglochin Sp AAD* Triglochin maritima L. Triglochin concinna Burtt Davy var. concinna, var. debilis (M.E.Jones) J.T.Howell P-H     2n = 48 Lšve, 1981b                          " Triglochin concinna Burtt Davy var. deserticola (Phil.) J.T.Howell     Ñ              
14 Temperate   Poaceae Agrostis Sp AAD Agrostis idahoensis Nash.   P-H CAN,USA Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
15 Temperate     Bromus Sp AAD Bromus berteroanus Colla Bromus trinii ƒ.Desv. var. t. A-H MEX[USA*] Rebman et al., 2016 2n = 41 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 42 Raven, 1963       Note: Introduced into USA (Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017), but cited as native to Baja California, Mexico (Rebman et al., 2016)    
16 Temperate     Danthonia Sp AAD Danthonia californica Bol. Danthonia californica Boland. var. americana (Scribn.) Hitchc; Danthonia grandiflora Phil., nom. illeg. P-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 36 [6x] Raven, 1963                          "   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
17 Temperate     Deschampsia Sp-Sp AAD Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Benth.   A-H/ P-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ   Deschampsia monandra Parodi Deschampsia glauca (E.Desv.) Parodi, hom. illeg. CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
18 Temperate       Sp AAD Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro ex Benth.   P-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 26 [4x] Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
19 Temperate     Festuca Sp ewN Festuca octoflora Walter Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. A-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14 Raven, 1963            
20 Temperate     Hordeum Sp-Cl AAD Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski   P-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 28 Bothmer and Jacobsen, 1989; ¯rgaard, 1994 CLADE of Hordeum chilense Roem. & Schult.,       2n = 14 Bothmer et al., 1980 2.53 5.25 3.73   N->S Blattner, 2006
                            Hordeum comosum J.Presl,       2n = 14 Baden and Bothmer, 1994            
                            Hordeum cordobense Bothmer,       2n = 14, 28 Bothmer et al., 1980; Bothmer and Subrahmanyam, 1988            
                            Hordeum erectifolium Bothmer, N.Jacobsen & R.B.J¿rg.,       2n = 14 Bothmer et al., 1985            
                            Hordeum euclaston Steud.,       2n = 14 Molnar and Fedak, 1989; Linde-Laursen et al., 1989            
                            Hordeum flexuosum Steud.,       2n = 14 Linde-Laursen et al., 1989            
                            Hordeum muticum J.Presl,       2n = 14 Bothmer et al., 1980; Linde-Laursen et al., 1989            
                            Hordeum patagonicum (Hauman) Covas,       2n = 14 Molnar and Fedak, 1989            
                            Hordeum pubiflorum Hook.f.,       2n = 14 Linde-Laursen et al., 1989            
                            Hordeum intercedens Nevski (NA),       2n = 14 Molnar and Fedak, 1989            
                            + Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (NA)       2n = 14 Salomon, B., and R. v. Bothmer. 1998            
21 Temperate       Sp-Sp AAD Hordeum intercedens Nevski   A-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 14 ¯rgaard, 1994; Salomon and Bothmer, 1998 Hordeum euclaston Steud.   ARG,BRA Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14 Linde-Laursen et al., 1989; Molnar and Fedak, 1989 0.42 1.60 1   S->N Blattner, 2006
22 Temperate       Sp-Sp ewN Hordeum pusillum Nutt.   A-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 ¯rgaard, 1994; Salomon and Bothmer, 1998 Hordeum erectifolium Bothmer, N.Jacobsen & R.B.J¿rg.   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14 Bothmer et al., 1985; Linde-Laursen et al., 1989 0.40 3.07 1.27 Note: Hordeum pusillum Nutt. is reported to be native to SA in Zuolaga et al. (2008), but not in Blattner (2006) S->N Blattner, 2006
23 Temperate     Muhlenbergia Sp AAD Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen) Parodi   P-H MEX,USA   2n = 20 Lšve, 1981a                          "   ARG,CHL   Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998
24 Temperate       Cl-Sp tNS CLADE of Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb.   AP-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 18 Peterson, 1988; Peterson and Annable, 1991 Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis Laegaard & S‡nchez Vega   PER GBIF, 2017             N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
              + Muhlenbergia vaginata Swallen     MEX Villase–or, 2016; GBIF, 2017 2n = 18 Peterson, 1988; Peterson and Annable, 1991                        
25 Temperate       Sp-Sp AAD Muhlenbergia ligulata (E.Fourn.) Scribn. & Merr. Chaboissaea ligulata E.Fourn. P-H/ A-H MEX   Ñ   Muhlenbergia atacamensis Parodi Chaboissaea atacamensis (Parodi) P.M.Peterson & Annable ARG,BOL   Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
26 Temperate       Cl-Sp tNS CLADE of Muhlenbergia dubia E. Fourn.,   P-H GTM,MEX   Ñ   Muhlenbergia angustata (J.Presl) Kunth   ARG,BOL,COL,PER,VEN Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 Ñ         The South American M. angustata extends to Colombia. N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
              + Muhlenbergia macroura (Kunth) Hitchc.   MEX,USA   Ñ                          
27 Temperate       Sp AAD Muhlenbergia paniculata (Nutt.) Columbus Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.; Muhlenbergia paniculata (Nutt.) P.M.Peterson P-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 30 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
28 Temperate       Sp-Sp ewN/tS Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.   P-H CAN,MEX,USA   2n = 40 Lšve, 1981a Muhlenbergia fastigiata (J.Presl) Henrard   ARG,BOL,CHL,COL,PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
29 Temperate       Sp ewN Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F.Gmel.   P-H MEX,USA   Ñ                            "   ARG,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
30 Temperate       Sp AAD Muhlenbergia torreyi (Kunth) Hitchc. ex Bush   P-H MEX,USA   2n = 20, 21 Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998                          " Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998
31 Temperate       Sp-Sp tNS Muhlenbergia versicolor Swallen   P-H GTM,HND,MEX Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ   Muhlenbergia maxima Laegaard & S‡nchez Vega   PER GBIF, 2017 Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
32 Temperate       Sp-Sp tS Muhlenbergia villiflora Hitchc. Muhlenbergia villiflora Hitchc. var. villosa (Swallen) Morden P-H MEX*,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ   Muhlenbergia palmirensis Grignon & Laegaard   ECU GBIF, 2017 Ñ           N->S Peterson and Ort’z-Diaz, 1998; Peterson et al., 2010
33 Temperate     Phalaris Sp AAD* Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin.   A-H USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,BRA,CHL,PRY,PER,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963 0.27 0.33 0.3*   Equiv Voshell et al., 2011
34 Temperate       Sp-Sp eS Phalaris lemmonii Vasey   A-H USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963 Phalaris platensis Henrard ex Heukels   ARG,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14, 56 Raven, 1963       Voshell et al., 2011 used an Australian sample for Phalaris platensis, so AAD divergence cannot be calculated Equiv Voshell et al., 2011
35 Temperate     Phippsia Sp-Sp AAD* Phippsia algida (Sol.) R.Br.   P-H     2n = 28 Raven, 1963 Phippsia wilczekii Hack.       Ñ         Occurs in bipolar regions of NA, but not in SA.    
36 Temperate     Poa Sp-Sp AAD Poa douglasii Nees   P-H USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ   Poa cumingii Trin.   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
38 Temperate       Sp AAD* Poa secunda J.Presl   P-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 42 Soreng, 1991                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
37 Temperate       Sp AAD Poa stenantha Trin.   P-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
39 Temperate     Stipa Sp AAD Stipa speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Achnatherum speciosum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth; Jarava speciosa (Trin. & Rupr.) Pe–ailillo; Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. & Rupr.) Romaschenko P-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 60, 62, 68 [6x] Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,BOL,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; J¿rgensen et al., 2014 2n = 66 Raven, 1963            
40 Temperate EUDICOT Apiaceae Bowlesia Sp AAD Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav.   A-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            " Bowlesia septentrionalis J.M.Coult. & Rose ARG,BRA,CHL,PRY,URY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) 2n = 32 [4x] Raven, 1963       May be naturalized in N. Am.; also occurs in Pakistan and New Zealand S->N Constance, 1963
41 Temperate     Daucus Sp AAD Daucus pusillus Michx.   A-H CAN,MEX,USA   2n = 22 Bell and Constance, 1957; Constance et al., 1976                          "   ARG,BRA,CHL,URY   2n = 22 Constance et al., 1976     1.5     Spalik et al., 2010
42 Temperate     Lilaeopsis Sp eN Lilaeopsis carolinensis J.M.Coult. & Rose L. attenuata (Hook. & Arn.) Fernald P-H USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,BRA,PRY,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 22 Di Fulvio, 1976     0.4     Spalik et al., 2010
43 Temperate       Sp-Sp tS Lilaeopsis occidentalis J.M.Coult. & Rose   P-H MEX,USA   2n = 44 Constance et al., 1976 Lilaeopsis macloviana (Gand.) A.W. Hill   ARG,BOL,CHL,COL,ECU,PER   Ñ       0.65     Spalik et al., 2010
44 Temperate     Osmorhiza Cl-Sp AAD? Two polytomous CLADES of mostly NA Osmorhiza species   P-H     Ñ   Osmorhiza glabrata Phil.   ARG,CHL   Ñ       1.59*   N->S Wen et al., 2002
45 Temperate       Sp AAD Osmorhiza berteroi DC. Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arn. P-H CAN,USA   Ñ                            "   ARG,CHL   2n = 22 Constance et al., 1976     0   N->S Constance, 1963; Wen et al., 2002
46 Temperate       Sp AAD Osmorhiza depauperata Phil.   P-H CAN,USA   2n = 44 Lšve, 1982b                          " Osmorhiza obtusa (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Fernald ARG,CHL   2n = 22 Constance et al., 1976; Moore, 1981     0   N->S Constance, 1963; Wen et al., 2002
47 Temperate     Sanicula Sp AAD Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC.   PB-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 32 [2x], 48 [4x], 64 [6x] Bell, 1954                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 Ñ       1   N->S Vargas et al., 1998
48 Temperate       Sp AAD Sanicula graveolens DC.   PB-H CAN,USA USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 16 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 Ñ       2   N->S Vargas et al., 1998
49 Temperate   Asteraceae Agoseris Sp-Sp AAD Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene   A-H CAN,MEX,USA   2n = 18 [2x], 2n = 36 [4x] Chambers, 1963 Agoseris coronopifolia (d'Urv.) K.L.Chambers   ARG,CHL   2n = 18 [2x] Chambers, 1963            
50 Temperate     Amblyopappus Sp AAD Amblyopappus pusillus Hook. & Arn.   A-H MEX,USA   2n = 16 Raven, 1963                          "   CHL   Ñ              
51 Temperate     Ambrosia Sp AAD Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene Franseria bipinnatifida (Less.) Nutt. P-H MEX,USA   2n = 36 Raven, 1963                          "   CHL   2n = 36 Raven, 1963            
52 Temperate     Antennaria Cl-Sp AAD CLADE of Antennaria rosea (D.C.Eaton) Greene subsp. pulvinata (Greene) R.J. Bayer A. straminea Fern. P-H CAN,USA   Ð   Antennaria chilensis J.RŽmy Antennaria magellanica Sch.-Bip. ARG,CHL   2n = 56 [4x] Raven, 1963            
              + Antennaria umbrinella Rydb.     CAN,USA   2n = 28, 56 (A.u.) Chmielewski and Chinnappa, 1988                        
53 Temperate     Blennosperma Cl-Sp AAD CLADE or possible hybrid parents of Blennosperma bakeri Heiser   A-H USA   2n = 18 Ornduff, 1963 Blennosperma chilense Less.   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 32 Ornduff, 1963           Ornduff, 1963
              + Blennosperma nanum (Hook.) S.F. Blake     USA   2n = 14 Ornduff, 1963                        
54 Temperate     Gamochaeta Sp ewN* Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M.Johnst.) Anderb. Gamochaeta falcata (Lam.) Cabrera, Gnaphalium calviceps Fernald, Gnaphalium stagnalis (I.M.Johnst.) Anderb. A-H MEX,USA   Ñ                            "   ARG,BRA,CHL,PRY,URY   Ñ         Treated as a synonym of Gamochaeta falcata (Lam.) Cabrera in Zuloaga et al., 2008, G. f. also listed in Villase–or, 2016. Perhaps introduced in NA (listed as non-native in Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017, but as native in Rebman et al., 2016).    
55 Temperate     Lasthenia Sp-Sp AAD Lasthenia glaberrima DC.   A-H MEX,USA   2n = 10 Raven, 1963 Lasthenia kunthii (Less.) Hook. & Arn.   ARG,CHL   2n = 10 Ornduff, 1963           Emery et al., 2012
56 Temperate     Madia Sp AAD* Madia sativa Molina   A-H CAN,USA   2n = 32 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 32 Jansen and Stuessy, 1980            
57 Temperate     Malacothrix Sp AAD Malacothrix clevelandii A.Gray   A-H MEX,USA   2n = 14 Raven, 1963                          "   CHL   Ñ              
58 Temperate     Microseris Sp-Sp AAD Microseris bigelovii (A.Gray) Sch. Bip.   A-H/ AP-H CAN,USA GBIF, 2017 2n = 18 Oud et al., 1988; 2 Microseris pygmaea D.Don Microseris brevipes Phil. CHL,PER Lohwasser et al., 2004; Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) 2n = 18 Oud et al., 1988     1* Introduced into Chile, sensu Zuloaga et al., 2008, but considered endemic, sensu Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) N->S Lohwasser et al., 2004
59 Temperate     Perityle Sp AAD Perityle emoryi Torr.   A-H MEX,USA   2n = 108 (102Ð112) Powell, 1968; Strother, 1976                          " Perityle emoryi var. nuda (Torr. ex Torr.) A.Gray, Perityle emoryi var. elata (Phil.) I.M.Johnst. CHL,PER   Ñ              
60 Temperate     Psilocarphus Sp AAD Psilocarphus brevissimus Nutt.   A-H CAN,MEX,USA   Ñ                            "   ARG   Ñ              
61 Temperate       Sp-InD AAD Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. var. tenellus Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. A-H CAN,MEX,USA   Ñ   Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. var. globiferus (Bertero ex DC.) Morefield Psilocarphus berteri I.M.Johnst. CHL   Ñ              
62 Temperate     Thelesperma Sp AAD Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze   P-H MEX,USA   2n = 22, 44 Strother, 1976; Ward, 1983; Keil et al., 1988                          " Thelesperma scabiosoides Less. ARG,BRA,PRY   2n = 22 Raven, 1963; Turner et al., 1979            
63 Temperate   Boraginaceae Amscinkia Sp AAD Amsinckia tessellata A.Gray   A-H     2n = 24  Ray and Chisaki, 1957                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ       0.31   N->S Guilliams, 2015
64 Temperate     Cryptantha Sp-Sp AAD Cryptantha minima Ryd.   A-H     Ñ   Cryptantha mendocina I.M.Johnst.   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ       2.45   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
65 Temperate       Cl-Cl AAD CLADE of Cryptantha sec. Krynitzkia, at least 16 N.Am. spp. plus at least 4 S. Am. spp. (the Globulifera CLADE)   A-H/ P-H     2n = 14, 20, 24, 56 Grau, 1983; Las Pe–as, 2005 Eucryptantha/Geocarya CLADE of at least 10 spp. of Cryptantha secs. Cryptantha and Geocarya: Cryptantha alfalfalis (Phil.) I.M.Johnst.,   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = ca. 120 Grau, 1983     17.11   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
                            Cryptantha alyssoides (DC.) Reiche,        Ñ            
                            Cryptantha aspera (Phil.) Grau,        Ñ              
                            Cryptantha calycotricha I.M.Johnst.,        2n = 64 Grau, 1983            
                            Cryptantha capituliflora (Clos) Reiche,        2n = 64 Las Pe–as, 2003            
                            Cryptantha cynoglossoides (Phil.) I.M.Johnst.,        Ñ              
                            Cryptantha glomerata Lehmann ex G.Don subsp. glomerata,       2n = 64, 120 Grau, 1983            
                            Cryptantha glomerulifera (Phil.) I.M.Johnst.,        Ñ              
                            Cryptantha gnaphalioides (A. DC.) Reiche,        Ñ              
                            + Cryptantha kingii (Phil.) Reiche       2n = 62 Grau, 1983            
66 Temperate       Cl-Cl AAD CLADE of at least 4 spp. of N. Am. Cryptantha: Cryptantha hispidissima Greene,    A-H     Ñ   Globulifera CLADE of at least 4 spp. of SA Cryptantha: Cryptantha diffusa (Phil.) I. M. Johnst.   ARG,CHL,PER Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14; 2n = 56 [4x] Grau, 1983; Las Pe–as, 2005     7.39   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
              Cryptantha juniperensis R.B.Kelley & M.G.Simpson,          Ñ   Cryptantha globulifera (Clos) Reiche,        2n = 14 Grau, 1983            
              Cryptantha leiocarpa (Fischer & C.A.Mey.) Greene,          Ñ   Cryptantha peruviana I.M.Johnst.,        Ñ              
              + Cryptantha nemaclada Greene         Ñ   + Cryptantha phaceloides (Clos) Reiche       Ñ              
67 Temperate     Greeneocharis Sp-InC AAD Greeneocharis circumscissa (Hook. & Arn.) Rydberg var circumscissa   A-H     2n = 24, 36 [4x, 6x] Mathew and Raven, 1962; Raven, 1963                          "   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 24 [4x] Raven, 1963     0.33   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
68 Temperate     Johnstonella Sp-Sp AAD Johnstonella angelica (I.M.Johnst.) Hasenstab & M.G.Simpson    P-H/ A-H     2n = 18 Sivinski, 1993 Johnstonella parviflora (Phil.) Hasenstab & M.G.Simpson   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n=20  Grau, 1983     3.38   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
69 Temperate     Lappula Sp AAD Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene   A-H CAN,USA   2n = 48 Lšve, 1982c                          " Lappula patagonica (Speg.) Macloskie ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ           N->S  
70 Temperate     Pectocarya Sp AAD Pectocarya linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. subsp. ferocula (I.M.Johnst.) Thorne Pectocarya ferocula (I.M.Johnst.) Veno, ined. A-H     2n = 48 Veno, 1979                          " ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n=72 [6x] Veno, 1979; Grau 1988; Horn, 2000     0.59   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
71 Temperate       Sp AAD Pectocarya pusilla (A.DC.) A.Gray   A-H     2n = 24 Veno, 1979                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ       0.72 Calculation based only on a single NA specimen; SA samples needed. N->S Guilliams, 2015
72 Temperate     Plagiobothrys Sp-InD AAD Plagiobothrys collinus (Phil.) I.M.Johnst. var. californicus (A.Gray) Higgins, Plagiobothrys collinus var. fulvescens (I. M. Johnst.) Higgins, Plagiobothrys collinus var. gracilis (I.M.Johnst.) Higgins, Plagiobothrys collinus var. ursinus (A.Gray) Higgins + possibly in clade with Plagiobothrys pringlei Greene   A-H     Ñ   Plagiobothrys collinus var. collinus       2n = 24  Grau, 1988; Horn, 2000     1.48   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
73 Temperate       Sp-InD AAD Plagiobothrys fulvus (Hook. and Arn.) I.M.Johnst. var. campestris (Greene) I.M.Johnst   A-H     Ñ   Plagiobothrys fulvus (Hook. and Arn.) I.M.Johnst. var. fulvus       2n = 24  Grau, 1988; Horn, 2000 0.038 0.66 0.3 A divergence date of 6.04 mya was calculated by Guilliams et al., 2017, but this done so by taking half of the stem lineage of Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (P. f. var. fulvus samples lacking in this study).  N->S Guilliams, 2015; Guilliams, 2017
74 Temperate       Sp-Sp AAD Plagiobothrys greenei (A.Gray) I.M.Johnst.   A-H     Ñ   Plagiobothrys gracilis (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.Johnst.       2n = 36 [3x] Horn, 2000     0.97   N->S Guilliams et al., 2017
75 Temperate       Cl-Sp AAD CLADE of Plagiobothrys greenei (A.Gray) I.M.Johnst.   A-H     Ñ   Plagiobothrys polycaulis (Phil.) I.M.Johnst.       2n = 24 Grau, 1988; Horn, 2000     1.37 Note that another possibility of relationships for these taxa occurs; thus, dispersal direction is equivocal. See Guilliams et al., 2017. Equiv Guilliams et al., 2017
              + Plagiobothrys gracilis (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.Johnst.         2n=36[3x] Horn, 2000                        
76 Temperate       Sp-Cl tS? Plagiobothrys mollis (A.Gray) I.M.Johnst.   A-H     Ñ   CLADE of Plagiobothrys congestus (Wedd.) I.M.Johnst.       2n = 24 Horn, 2000     1.45     Guilliams et al., 2017
                            + Plagiobothrys linifolius (Lehm.) I.M.Johnst.       2n = 24 Horn, 2000            
77 Temperate       Sp AAD Plagiobothrys myosotoides (Lehm.) Brand Plagiobothrys verrucosus (Phil.) I.M.Johnst. A-H     Ñ                            " Plagiobothrys tinctorius (Ruiz & Pav.) A.Gray     2n = 24  Grau, 1988; Horn, 2000     0.72 The taxonomy of Plagiobothrys myositoides versus P. verrucosus needs clarification. N->S Guilliams, 2015
78 Temperate   Brassicaceae Lepidium Sp AAD Lepidium nitidum Nutt.   A-H MEX,USA   Ñ                            " Lepidium chilense Kunze ex Walp. CHL   Ñ              
79 Temperate     Noccaea Sp-Sp AAD MEMBER of Noccaea fendleri (A.Gray) Holub (& subspp.), Noccaea arctica (A.E. Porsild) Holub, Noccaea mexicana (Standl.) Holub complex Thlaspi montanum L.; Noccaea montana (L.) F.K. Mey., in part BP-H     2n = 14 [2x] Holmgren, 1971; Dawe and Murray, 1981 Noccaea magellanica (Pers.) Holub Thlaspi magellanicum Comm. ex Poir.     2n = 14 [2x] Holmgren, 1971; Dawe and Murray, 1981     0* Raven (1963) listed the NA Thlaspi parviflorum A. Nels. [=Noccaea parviflora (A. Nelson) Holub] as the species counterpart to the SA T. magellanicum Pers. [=N. magellanica (Comm. ex Poir.) Holub] and may be a close relative; however, Koch and Al-Shehbab (2004) show N. fendleri (A.Gray) Holub [T. montanum L., in part] in a polytomy with samples of N. magellanica from their ITS data, so we are listing N. fendleri as the NA counterpart. N. arctica (A.E. Porsild) Holub and N. mexicana (Standl.) Holub are other NA members of the genus.  If N. arctica is the closest relative of N. magellanica, this would represent a bipolar AAD. More detailed molecular work needs to be done.    Koch and Al-Shehbaz, 2004
80 Temperate     Rorippa Sp-Sp AAD Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey ex Britton   A-H     Ñ   Rorippa philippiana (Speg.) Macloskie       2n = 44 Carrique and Mart’nez, 1984     0.5*   Equiv Bleeker et al., 2002
81 Temperate   Campanulaceae Downingia Sp AAD Downingia pusilla (G.Don ex A.DC.) Torr. Downingia humilis (Greene) Rattan A-H     2n = 22 Raven, 1963                          "       Ñ              
82 Temperate     Legenere Sp-Sp AAD Legenere limosa (Greene) McVaugh Howellia limosa Greene A-H     Ñ   Legenere valdiviana (Phil.) E.Wimm.   ARG,CHL   Ñ              
83 Temperate   Caryophyllaceae Cardionema Sp tS Cardionema ramosissima (Weinm.) A.Nels. & J.F.Macbr.   P-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ              
84 Temperate     Mononeuria Sp eN Mononeuria groenlandica (Retz.) Dillenb. & Kadereit Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng, Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) Ostenf., Stellaria groenlandica Retz. P-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ              
85 Temperate   Celastraceae Lepuropetalon Sp eN Lepuropetalon spathulatum (Muhl.) Ell.   AP-H     2n = 46 Gastony and Soltis, 1977                          "       Ñ         Monotypic genus    
86 Temperate   Chenopodiaceae Atriplex Cl-Cl AAD? CLADE of Atriplex acanthocarpa (Torr.) S.Watson,     MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Ruas et al., 2001 CLADE of Atriplex cordobensis Gand. & Stuck.,    ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) 2n = 36 Del Pero Mart’nez, et al., 2002 4.52 11.08 7.72   N->S Kadereit et al., 2010
              Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,      CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18, 36, 54 Dunford, 1985 Atriplex deserticola Phil.,    ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) Ñ              
              Atriplex gardneri Aiton,      CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ   Atriplex imbricata (Moq.) D.Dietr.,   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) Ñ              
              Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D.Dietr.,      MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 36 Nobs, 1978; Flores-Olvera and Mercado-Ruaro, 1997 Atriplex lampa (Moq.) ex Small Atriplex lampa (Moq.) D.Dietr. ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) 2n = 18 Del Pero Mart’nez, et al., 2002            
              Atriplex obovata Moq.,      MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ   Atriplex patagonica (Moq.) D.Dietr.,    ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) Ñ              
              Atriplex parishii S.Watson,      MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Ruas et al., 2001 Atriplex parvifolia Kunth,  Atriplex muricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.     Ñ              
              Atriplex phyllostegia (Torr. ex S.Watson) S.Watson,      MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Nobs, 1975 Atriplex rusbyi Britton,       Ñ              
              Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S.Watson,      MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18, 36, 72 Nobs, 1978; Lšve, 1986a + Atriplex undulata (Moq.) D.Dietr.   ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 16, 36 Lšve, 1986a; Del Pero Mart’nez, et al., 2002            
              Atriplex powellii S.Watson,      CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Ruas et al., 2001                        
              + Atriplex serenana A.Nelson ex Abrams     MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Nobs, 1975; Flores-Olvera and Mercado-Ruaro, 1997; Ruas et al., 2001                        
87 Temperate     Chenopodium Sp-Sp tN Chenopodium berlandieri Moq.   A-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 36 [4x] Marhold, 2006; Walsh et al., 2015 Chenopodium hircinum Schrad.   ARG,CHL,PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008 [4x] Walsh et al., 2015       Chenopodium berlandieri of NA and C. hircinum of SA mentioned as genetically and morphologically almost indistinguishable, but relationships ambiguious; more work needed. See Fuentes-Bazan, S., G. Mansion, and T. Borsch. 2012a. Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62: 359Ð374.   Walsh et al., 2015
88 Temperate   Cistaceae Crocanthemum Sp-Sp AAD Crocanthemum scoparium (Nutt.) Millsp. Helianthemum scoparium Nutt. P-H MEX,USA   Ñ   Crocanthemum brasiliense (Lam.) Spach Crocanthemum spartioides (C.Presl) Janch.; Helianthemum spartioides C.Presl ARG,BRA,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         Both are the only species of Janchen's Crocanthemum sect. Spartioides    
89 Temperate   Convolvulaceae Calystegia Sp AAD* Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. Convolvulus soldanella L. P-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ              
90 Temperate     Dichondra Sp AAD Dichondra argentea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.   P-H MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 Ñ              
91 Temperate       Sp tNS Dichondra sericea Sw.   P-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,BRA,CHL,PRY,URY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 Ñ              
92 Temperate   Crassulaceae Crassula Sp tS Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pav.) A.Berger Crassula erecta (Hook & Arn.) Berger A-H     2n = ca. 40Ð50 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL,URY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 Ñ              
93 Temperate   Elatinaceae Elatine Sp AAD Elatine chilensis Gay Elatine gracilis H.Mason A-H     Ñ                            " Elatine triandra Schkuhr var. triandra     Ñ         "I agree with Gordon Tucker than E. chilensis and E. brachysperma occur in the US and are separate from E. triandra. Regarding the South American collections, I have seen only one collection of E. chilensis that had seeds very similar to the US collections, but its general morphology was quite different. Unfortunately, I was not able to confirm the identification of the South American E. chilensis collection with molecular markers, due to its antiquity. Thus, I am not certain whether the US populations of E. chilensis belong to the same species as the ones in South America." (Hamid Razifard <hamid.razifard@uconn.edu>, personal communication)    
94 Temperate   Ericaceae Gaultheria Sp-Cl tS Gaultheria shallon Pursh   P-S USA USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 44, ca. 88 Chinnappa and Chmielewski, 1987; Middleton and Wilcock, 1990 CLADE of Gaultheria acuminata Cham. & Schlecht,    MEX Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ð         Results of Fritsch et al. (2011) not clear, and needing further work, but combined cpDNA and ITS tree show NA Gaultheria shallon sister to a clade of 13 species, the "basal" members of which are trans-SA, others NA, including Central America and Mexico. A probable example of a step-wise dispersal, with likely back-dispersal to NA. N->S* Fritsch et al., 2011
                            Gaultheria amoena A.C.Sm.,    COL,ECU GBIF, 2017 Ð              
                            Gaultheria bracteata (Cavanilles) G.Don,    BOL,COL,ECU,PER GBIF, 2017 Ð              
                            Gaultheria domingensis Urb.,    COL,DOM GBIF, 2017 2n = 22 Hersey and Kloet, 1976            
                            Gaultheria erecta Vent.,   BLZ,BOL,BRA,CRI,COL,ECU,GTM,HND,MEX,NIC,PAN,PER,SLV,SUR,VEN GBIF, 2017 Ð              
                            Gaultheria eriophylla (Pers.) Mart. ex Sleumer,        Ð              
                            Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer,        2n = 22 Middleton and Wilcock, 1990            
                            Gaultheria gracilis Small,        Ð              
                            Gaultheria lanigera Hook.,        Ð              
                            Gaultheria reticulata Kunth,        2n = 44 Middleton and Wilcock, 1990            
                            Gaultheria schultesii Camp,       Ð              
                            Gaultheria tomentosa Kunth,       Ð              
                            + Gaultheria vaccinoides Griseb. ex Wedd.       Ð              
95 Temperate   Fabaceae Acmispon Sp AAD Acmispon wrangelianus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) D.D. okoloff Lotus wrangelianus Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Lotus subpinnatus Lag., misappl. A-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Grant, 1997                          " Acmispon subpinnatus (Lag.) D.D.Sokoloff, Lotus subpinnatus Lag. CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
96 Temperate     Astragalus Cl-Cl ? CLADE of Astragalus allochrous A.Gray var. allochrous,    AP-H     2n = 22 Spellenberg, 1976 CLADE of Astragalus curvicaulis (Clos) Reiche,       Ñ       0.98   N->S Scherson et al., 2008
              Astragalus thurberi A.Gray,          2n = 22 Spellenberg, 1976 Astragalus darumbium (Bertero ex Colla) Clos,        Ñ              
              + CLADE of Astragalus asymmetricus E.Sheld.,          2n = 22 Spellenberg, 1976 Astragalus edmondstonei (Hook.f.) Robinson,        Ñ              
              Astragalus douglasii (Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray,          2n = 22 Spellenberg, 1976 Astragalus johnstonii G—mez-Sosa,        Ñ              
              Astragalus oxyphysus A.Gray         2n = 22 Spellenberg, 1976 Astragalus looseri I.M.Johnst.,        Ñ              
                            Astragalus monticola Phil.,        Ñ              
                            Astragalus pehuenches Niederl.,        2n = 22 Dopchiz et al., 1995            
                            Astragalus vagus (Clos) Reiche       Ñ              
97 Temperate       Cl-Cl ? CLADE of Astragalus arizonicus A.Gray   P-H     2n = 16, 24 Lšve, 1985; Spellenberg, 1976 CLADE of Astragalus amatus Clos,        Ñ       1.89   N->S Scherson et al., 2008
              + Astragalus nothoxys A.Gray         2n = 28 Spellenberg, 1976 Astragalus arnottianus (Gillies) Reiche,        Ñ              
                             Astragalus berteroanus (Moris) Reiche,        Ñ              
                            Astragalus cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Griseb.,        2n = 28 Dopchiz et al., 1995            
                            Astragalus cryptobotrys I.M.Johnst.,        Ñ              
                            Astragalus garbancillo Cav.,        Ñ              
                            Astragalus nivicola Gomez-Sosa,        Ñ              
                            Astragalus uniflorus DC.       Ñ              
98 Temperate     Lupinus Sp AAD Lupinus microcarpus Sims Lupinus densiflorus Benth., Lupinus horizontalis A. Heller A-H MEX,USA Not native to NA (Rebman et al., 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017) Ñ                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008             N->S  
99 Temperate       Cl-Cl ? CLADE of Lupinus havardii S.Watson A-H/ P-H     2n = 36 Turner and Powell, 2001 CLADE of Lupinus eastern (1 western) South America group (19 spp.)           2.5 9.2 6.2*   N->S Drummond et al., 2012
              + Lupinus texensis Hook.         2n = 36 Turner and Powell, 2001                        
100 Temperate       Cl-Cl ? CLADE of "Lupinus Mexican" group (4-6 spp.)   A-H/ P-H         CLADE of "Lupinus Andean" group (81 spp.)               2.42* Mean divergence of stem node of NA and SA clades estimated from Fig. 3 of Hughes and Eastwood (2006) N->S Drummond et al., 2012; Hughes and Eastwood, 2006
101 Temperate     Trifolium Sp AAD Trifolium depauperatum Desv.   A-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
102 Temperate       Sp AAD Trifolium macraei Hook. & Arn.   A-H USA USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
103 Temperate       Sp AAD Trifolium microdon Hook. & Arn.   A-H CAN,USA USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
104 Temperate   Gentianaceae Cicendia Sp AAD Cicendia quadrangularis (Lam.) Griseb. Microcala quadrangularis (Lam.) Griseb. A-H USA USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,CHL,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         Also occurs in Australia; only other species is found in the Mediterranean.    
105 Temperate   Haloragaceae Proserpinaca Sp eN/tNS Proserpinaca palustris L.   P-H CAN,MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "       Ñ              
106 Temperate   Hydrophyllaceae Phacelia Sp-Sp AAD Phacelia affinis A.Gray   A-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 22, 24 Cave and Constance, 1947, 1959 Phacelia cumingii (Benth.) A.Gray   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 24 Cave and Constance 1947, 1959           Heckard, 1963; Hansen et al., 2009; Walden et al., 2014
107 Temperate       Cl-Cl ? CLADE of Phacelia section Glandulosae, incl. Phacelia vossii Atwood   A-H?     2n = 22 Cave and Constance, 1942, 1947, 1950, 1959 CLADE of Phacelia section Glandulosae, incl. Phacelia artemisioides Griseb.       2n = 22 Cave and Constance, 1959           Walden et al., 2014
108 Temperate       Sp-Cl AAD Phacelia heterophylla Pursh   PB-H MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 22 (P.h. subsp. virgata) Shelly, 1989 CLADE of 4 Phacelia species, incl. Phacelia brachyantha Benth. Phacelia simplicifolia Colla     2n = 22 Cave and Constance, 1959; Diers, 1961; Heckard, 1963           Heckard, 1963
109 Temperate   Hypericaceae Hypericum Sp eNS Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton, E.E.Sterns & Poggenb.   A-H CAN,USA USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ                            "   BRA,PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
110 Temperate   Lamiaceae Blephilia-Monarda-Pycnanthemum CLADE Cl-Cl eNS CLADE of Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth.,    P-H or ABP-H/ P-H or P-S USA,CAN USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ   CLADE of Cunila incana Benth.,   ARG,BRA,CHL,PRY,URY   Ñ   4.1 5 4.55     Drew et al., 2017
              Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.,      USA,MEX Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NCRS, 2017 Ñ   Cunila microcephala Benth.,        Ñ              
              + Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T.Durand & B.D.Jacks. ex B.L.Rob. & Fernald     USA,CAN USDA-NCRS, 2017 2n = 80 Gill, 1981 Cunila spicata Benth.,        Ñ              
                            Glechon discolor Epling,        Ñ              
                            Glechon marifolia Benth.,        Ñ              
                            Glechon thymoides Spreng.,        Ñ              
                            Hedeoma multiflora Benth.,        2n = 72 Irving, 1980            
                            Hesperozygis nitida (Benth.) Epling,        Ñ              
                            Hesperozygis rhododon Epling,        Ñ              
                            Hoehnea epilobiodes (Epling) Epling,        Ñ              
                            Rhabdocaulon erythrostachys Epling,        Ñ              
                            Rhabdocaulon gracilis (Benth.) Epling,        Ñ              
                            Rhabdocaulon stenodontum (Briq.) Epling,       Ñ              
                            Rhabdocaulon strictus (Benth.) Epling       Ñ              
111 Temperate     Clinopodium-Cuminia Sp-Sp AAD Clinopodium selerianum (Loes.) Govaerts Satureja seleriana Loes. P-S MEX Villase–or, 2016 Ñ   Cuminia fernandezia Colla Cuminia eriantha (Benth.) Benth. var. fernandezia (Colla) Harley CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 44 Sanders et al., 1983; Kiehn et al., 2005 1.9 5.1 4     Drew et al., 2017
112 Temperate     Clinopodium-Kurzamra Cl-Sp   CLADE of Clinopodium micromerioides (Hemsl.) Govaerts,    P-H MEX Villase–or, 2016 Ñ   Kurzamra pulchella (Clos) Kuntze   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 (continuously updated) Ñ   2.5 6.9 5.1     Drew et al., 2017
              + Clinopodium hintoniorum (B.L.Turner) Govaerts     MEX Villase–or, 2016 Ñ                          
113 Temperate   Malvaceae Cressa Sp tNS Cressa truxillensis Kunth   P-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ              
114 Temperate   Montiaceae Calandrinia Sp AAD Calandrinia menziesii (Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray Calandrinia ciliata (R. & P.) DC. var. menziesii (Hook.) Macbr. A-H MEX,USA   Ñ   Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavon) DC.   ARG,CHL   Ñ         "According to Hershkovitz (2006), Calandrinia menziesii [Calandrinia ciliata var. menziesii (Hook.) J.F. Macbr.] is available for plants that have been called Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. in western North America, which are phylogenetically distinct (although not very morphologically distinct) from plants going by this name in Central and South America, where the type for the name was collected. In fact, Calandrinia menziesii is most closely related to Calandrinia breweri, whereas Calandrinia ciliata is most closely related to a species in South America." (Guilliams, C. M. and John M. Miller, Jepson Flora Project (eds.). 2017. Website http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=95066.    
115 Temperate   Namaceae Nama Sp-InC tNS Nama dichotomum (Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy var. dichotoma   A-H     2n = 28 3                          "       2n =22 Diers, 1961            
116 Temperate       Sp AAD Nama undulatum Kunth   A-H     Ñ                            "       2n = 14 3            
117 Temperate   Onagraceae Camissonia Sp-Sp AAD Camissonia strigulosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) P.H.Raven   A-H MEX,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 28 Moore and Raven, 1970 Camissonia dentata (Cav.) Reiche Oenothera dentata Cav. ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 26, 28 Moore and Raven, 1970         N->S  
118 Temperate     Clarkia Sp-Sp AAD Clarkia davyi (Jeps.) H.F.Lewis & M.R.Lewis   A-H USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 34 Raven, 1963 Clarkia tenella (Cav.) H.F.Lewis & M.R.Lewis   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 32, 34 Raven, 1963            
119 Temperate     Epilobium Sp AAD Epilobium campestre (Jeps.) Hoch & W.L.Wagner Boisduvalia glabella (Nutt.) Walp., Boisduvalia glabella var. campestris (Jeps.) Jeps., Epilobium pygmaeum (Speg.) Hoch & P.H.Raven, illeg. A-H CAN,MEX,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 30 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ           N->S  
120 Temperate     Gayophytum Sp-Sp AAD Gayophytum diffusum Torry & A.Gray   A-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 28 Raven, 1963 Gayophytum micranthum (Presl) Hook. & Arn.   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 28 [4x] Raven, 1963         N->S  
121 Temperate     Sp AAD Gayophytum humile Juss.   A-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14 Raven, 1963            
122 Temperate     Ludwigia Sp-InC tNS Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven subsp. peploides   P-H MEX Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016 2n = 16 Raven, 1963; Raven and Tai, 1979                          " Jussiaea repens L. var. montevidensis (Spreng.) Munz ARG,BRA,PRY,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         Conflicting reports as to nativity in USA, but apparently native to MEX; L. p. subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.). Raven (1963) also listed as an AAD, but native occurrence in NA not verified. S->N  
123 Temperate   Orobanchaceae Castilleja Cl-Cl tNS CLADE of Castilleja arvensis Cham. & Schltdl.,    A-H     2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1993 CLADE of Castilleja nubigena Kunth,      2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1993         N->S Tank and Olmstead, 2009
              Castilleja auriculata Eastwood var. a.,      MEX* Villase–or, 2016 Ñ   Castilleja pumila (Benth.) Weddell,      Ñ              
              + Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. var. t.   P-H     2n = 24, 28, 48 Chuang and Heckard, 1982; Chuang and Heckard, 1993 + Castilleja virgata (Wedd.) Edwin     2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1993            
124 Temperate       Sp AAD Castilleja attenuata (A.Gray) T. I. Chuang & Heckard   A-H CAN,MEX,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1982                          " Orthocarpus attenuatus A.Gray CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1982     0.26* Tank and Olmstead (2009) cite that both Raven (1963) and Chuang and Heckard (1982) that Castilleja attenuata may have been transported to Chile by humans. However, Tank and Olmstead still suggest that this could have been a natural dispersal. N->S Tank and Olmstead, 2009
125 Temperate       Cl-Cl   CLADE of Castilleja attenuata (A.Gray) T.I.Chuang & Heckard,    P-H     Ñ   CLADE of Castilleja alpicola T.I.Chuang & Heckard,     Ñ           N->S Tank and Olmstead, 2009
              Castilleja densiflora (Benth.) T.I.Chuang & Heckard subsp. densiflora,   A-H     2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1982 Castilleja cerroana Edwin,      Ñ              
              Castilleja lineariloba (Benth.) T.I.Chuang & Heckard,    A-H     2n = 24 Chuang and Heckard, 1982 Castilleja laciniata Hook. & Arn.,      2n = 96 Chuang and Heckard, 1982            
              Castilleja nana Eastw., Castilleja ambigua M.E. Jones subsp. ambigua A-H     2n = 20 Chuang and Heckard, 1982 Castilleja peruviana T.I.Chuang & Heckard,     Ñ              
              + Castilleja rubicundula (Jepson) T.I.Chuang & Heckard subsp. rubicundula   A-H     Ñ   + Castilleja vadosa T.I.Chuang & Heckard       Ñ              
126 Temperate   Plantaginaceae Plantago Sp AAD Plantago heterophylla Nutt.   A-H MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 22 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,PRY,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
127 Temperate       Sp AAD Plantago patagonica Jacq.   A-H CAN,MEX,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 20 Raven, 1963; Lšve, 1982b; Sharma et al., 1990; Sharma et al., 1992                          " Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult. ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 20 Raven, 1963            
128 Temperate   Plumbaginaceae Limonium Sp-Sp AAD Limonium californicum (Boiss.) Heller   P-H MEX,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Raven, 1963 Limonium guaicuru (Molina) Kuntze   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
129 Temperate   Polemoniaceae Collomia Sp-Sp AAD Collomia linearis Nutt.   A-H     2n = 16 Sugiura, 1936; Flory, 1937; Porter, 1996 Collomia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Brand (allopolyploid, perhaps with ancestral SA Collomia linearis) Collomia cavanillesii Hook. & Arn.     2n = 32 [4x] Lšve, 1986b 0.23 1.13 0.68   N->S Johnson et al., 2012
130 Temperate       Sp-Cl AAD Collomia grandiflora Douglas ex Lindl.   A-H     2n = 16 [2n = 32 for 4x cell] Flory, 1937; Porter, 1996 CLADE of Collomia grandiflora Douglas ex Lindl.,        Ñ   0.09 1.13 0.61   N->S Johnson et al., 2012
                            Collomia soehrensii Phil.,        Ñ              
                            + allopolyploid Collomia biflora (Ru’z & Pav.) Brand       2n = 32 [4x] Lšve, 1986            
131 Temperate     Gilia Sp-Sp AAD Gilia salticola Eastw.   A-H USA Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Porter, 2012 Gilia crassifolia Benth.   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 36, 72 [4x, 8x] Porter, 1996         N->S Johnson and Porter, 2017
132 Temperate       Sp-Cl AAD Gilia tricolor Benth. subsp. tricolor   A-H     2n = 18 Porter, 1996 CLADE of Gilia laciniata Ruiz & Pav.       2n = 18 Morrell et al., 2000 1 3 2   N->S Morrell et al., 2000
                            + Gilia valdiviensis Griseb.       2n = 18 (inferred) Johnson and Porter, 2017            
133 Temperate     Ipomopsis Sp-Sp AAD Ipomopsis pumila (Nutt.) Grant   A-H     2n = 14 Raven, 1963 Ipomopsis gossypifera (Gill.) Grant       2n = 14 Raven, 1963     14.9   N->S Porter et al., 2010
134 Temperate     Leptosiphon Sp-Sp AAD Leptosiphon filipes (Benth.) J.M.Porter & L.A.Johnson Gilia filipes Benth. A-H USA Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Raven, 1963 Leptosiphon pusillus (Benth.) J.M.Porter & L.A.Johnson Gilia pusilla Benth. CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ   1.2 2 1.6   N->S Bell and Patterson, 2000
135 Temperate     Microsteris Sp AAD Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene   A-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14 Raven, 1963; Moore, 1981 0.06 0.64 0.27   N->S Johnson and Porter, 2017
136 Temperate     Navarretia Sp-Sp AAD Navarretia prostrata (A.Gray) Greene (or its ancestor)   A-H     2n = 18 Raven, 1963 Navarretia involucrata Ruiz & Pav. (allopolyploid of cf. Navarretia prostrata x N. indet.)       [4x] Johnson et al., 2012; Johnson and Porter, 2017         N->S Johnson et al., 2012
137 Temperate     Polemonium Sp AAD Polemonium micranthum Benth.   A-H CAN,USA Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 18 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n=18 Raven, 1963; Moore, 1981       Only annual member of genus, only autogamous one; pollination before flowers open (cleistogamy?) N->S  
138 Temperate   Polygonaceae Chorizanthe Sp-Sp AAD Chorizanthe brevicornu Torr.   A-H     2n = 38Ð42, 46 Hardham, 1989 Chorizanthe commisuralis J.RŽmy       Ñ              
139 Temperate       Cl-Cl AAD CLADE of Chorizanthe angustifolia Nutt.,           A-H/ P-H (C.f.)         CLADE of Chorizanthe dasyantha Phil.       Ñ         S. Am. taxa perennials: ancestral N->S Kempton, 2012
              Chorizanthe brevicornu Torr. var. brevicornu             + Chorizanthe frankenioides J.RŽmy       Ñ              
              Chorizanthe biloba Goodman var. biloba,                                    
              Chorizanthe diffusa Benth.,                                    
              Chorizanthe inequalis Stokes,                                    
              Chorizanthe obovata Goodman,                                    
              Chorizanthe palmeri S.Watson,                                    
              Chorizanthe parryi S.Watson var. fernandina (S.Watson) Jeps.,                                    
              + Chorizanthe uniaristata Torr. & A.Gray,                                    
140 Temperate     Lastarriaea Sp-Sp AAD Lastarriaea coriacea (Goodman) Hoover Chorizanthe coriacea Goodman A-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 42, 56Ð60 Hardham, 1989 Lastarriaea chilensis J.RŽmy   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ           N->S Kempton, 2012
141 Temperate     Oxytheca Sp-InD AAD Oxytheca dendroidea Nutt. subsp. dendroidea Eriogonum dendroideum (Nutt.) S.Stokes A-H     2n = 40 Ertter, 1980 Oxytheca dendroidea subsp. chilensis (J.RŽmy) Ertter       Ñ              
142 Temperate     Rumex Sp ewN Rumex fueginus Phil. Rumex maritimus L., misappl.; Rumex persicarioides L. var. fueginus (Phil.) A. Haines AB-H     Ñ                            "       Ñ              
143 Temperate   Primulaceae Androsace Sp-Sp AAD Androsace occidentalis Pursh   A-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 20 Lšve, 1982b; Freeman and Brooks, 1988 Androsace salasii Kurtz   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
144 Temperate   Primulaceae Primula Cl-Sp AAD CLADE of Primula alcalina Cholewa & Douglass M.Hend.   P-H     2n = 18 [2x] Guggisberg et al., 2009 Primula magellanica Lehm.       2n = 72 [8x] Guggisberg et al., 2009       All 3 spp. heterostylis and self-compatible N->S Guggisberg et al., 2009
              + Primula specuicola Rydb.         2n = 18 [2x] Guggisberg et al., 2009                        
145 Temperate   Ranunculaceae Myosurus Sp-InD AAD Myosurus apetalus Gay var. borealis Whittem., var. montanus (G.R.Campb.) Whittem. Myosurus apetalus Gay A-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 16 Raven, 1963 Myosurus apetalus Gay var. apetalus Myosurus apetalus Gay; Myosurus aristatus Benth. ex Hook., illegit. ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         New Zealand plants are similar but separated as M. novae-zeylandiae W. R. B. Oliv.    
146 Temperate       Sp-Sp AAD* Myosurus minimus L.   A-H CAN,MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ   Myosurus patagonicus Speg Myosurus apetalus var. lepturus A.Gray ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
147 Temperate     Ranunculus Sp-InC AAD Ranunculus bonariensis Poir. var. trisepalus (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Lourteig   A-H USA Jepson Flora Project (eds.), 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,BRA,PRY,URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ              
148 Temperate       Sp tNS Ranunculus flagelliformis Sm.   P-H CRI,GTM,MEX,PAN Villase–or, 2016; GBIF, 2017 Ñ                            "   ARG,BRA,CHL,COL,ECU,PER,PRY,URY,VEN Zuloaga et al., 2008; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 48 Casas, 1981       Not strictly AAD, extends in mountains in Peru into Central America; Ranunculus hydrophilus Gaudich. ex Mirb. sister to R. f. (Horandl and Emadzade 2012)   Paun et al., 2005
149 Temperate   Rosaceae Acaena Sp-InD AAD Acaena pinnatifida Ruiz & Pav. var. californica (Bitter) Jeps. Acaena californica Bitter P-H USA USDS-NRCS, 2017 Ñ   Acaena pinnatifida Ruiz & Pav. var. pinnatifida ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 42 [6x] Moore, 1981; Mishima et al., 2002       A. trifida R. & P.; A. pinnatifida R. & P.    
150 Temperate     Fragaria Sp AAD* Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill.   P-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 56 [8x] Staudt, 1962; Raven, 1963                          " Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex J. Gay) Staudt, Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt; Potentilla chiloensis (L.) Mabb. ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 56 [8x] Staudt, 1962; Raven, 1963 0.19 0.86 0.53     Njuguna et al., 2013
151 Temperate   Solanaceae Solanum Cl-Cl eNewS CLADE of Solanum carolinense L.,    P-H MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Wahlert et al., 2014 CLADE of Solanum aridum Morong,    ARG,PRY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 24 Wahlert et al., 2014       The NA and SA clades of the Solanum "Carolinense clade" (Wahlert et al., 2014) =subsection Lathyrocarpum (Wahlert et al., 2015) are sister, but outgroups to this equivocal; dispersal direction unclear. Equiv Wahlert et al., 2015
              Solanum dimidiatum Raf.,      MEX,USA Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 72 Wahlert et al., 2014 Solanum comptum C.V. Morton,    ARG,PRY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 48 Wahlert et al., 2014            
              Solanum perplexum Small,  Solanum dimidiatum Raf.   USA Wahlert et al., 2015 2n = 72 Wahlert et al., 2014 Solanum juvenale Thell.,    ARG,PRY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 48 Wahlert et al., 2014            
              + Solanum pumilum Dunal     USA Wahlert et al., 2015; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ   Solanum moxosense M. Nee,    BOL J¿rgensen et al., 2014; Wahlert et al., 2015 Ñ              
                            Solanum reineckii Briq.,   BRA Wahlert et al., 2015 Ñ              
                            + possibly Solanum hieronymi Kuntze   ARG,PRY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 Ñ              
152 Temperate       Sp AAD* Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.   P-H MEX,USA Villase–or, 2017; USDS-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Powell and Weedin, 2005                          "   ARG,CHL,PRY,URY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 24, 48, 72 Moscone, 1992; 1       Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. is listed as non-native in California (Jepson eFlora Project (eds.), 2017) and "likely non-native" in Baja California, Mexico (Rebman et al., 2016), but, from other sources, as native in USA (USDA-NCRS, 2017) and in Mexico (Villase–or, 2016). Equiv Wahlert et al., 2015
153 Temperate       Cl-Cl AAD CLADE of Solanum hindsianum Benth.   P-H MEX,USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 Ñ   CLADE of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (NA + SA),   MEX,USA (NA) + ARG,CHL,PRY,URY (SA) Rebman et al., 2016; Villase–or, 2016; Flora del Cono Sur, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 (NA); 2n = 24, 48, 72 (SA) Moscone, 1992; 1; Powell and Weedin, 2005       Relationships within the "Elaeagnifolium clade" plus outgroup Solanum euacanthum not well supported (Wahlert et al., 2014); dispersal direction unclear. Equiv Wahlert et al., 2015
              + Solanum houstonii Martyn Solanum tridynamum Dunal   MEX Villase–or, 2016 2n = 24 Lšve, 1981c Solanum homalospermum Chiarini,   ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 Ñ              
                            Solanum mortonii Hunz.,   ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 Ñ              
                            + possibly Solanum euacanthum Phil.   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 24 Moscone, 1992; 1            
154 Temperate   Valerianaceae Plectritis Sp-Cl AAD CLADE of Plectritis congesta (Lindl.) DC. subsp. brachystemon (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Morey,   Plectritis brachystemon Fisch. & C.A. Mey. A-H MEX,USA   Ñ   Plectritis samolifolia (DC.) Hšck Valeriana samolifolia (DC.) Hšck ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 Ñ         A close-knit group of four species, three widespread in w. N. A., and one (P. samolifolia (DC.) Hoeck) found in south-central Chile and adj. Argentina S->N Bell and Donoghue, 2005
              Plectritis congesta (Lindl.) DC.,      USA   2n = 32 Engel, 1976                        
              + Plectritis macrocera Torr. & A.Gray     USA   2n = 32 Engel, 1976                        
155 Temperate     Valeriana Sp-Sp tNS Valeriana candolleana Gardner Valeriana scandens Loefl. ex L. var. candolleana (Gardner) C.A.Muell. P-HV MEX? Villase–or, 2016 2n = 56 Engel, 1976 Valeriana scandens Loefl. ex L. var. scandens?   ARG,BRA,PRY Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 28 Engel, 1976? 4.74 10.73 7.69 Very rough estimates of divegence times, and support but four major clades discovered. N->S Bell et al., 2012
156 Temperate       Sp tNS Valeriana urticifolia Kunth Valeriana tafiensis Borsini P-H MEX Villase–or, 2016 2n = 64? Engel, 1976                          "   ARG Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 2n = 64? Engel, 1976 0.67 5.02 2.1   N->S Bell et al., 2012
157 Temperate       Cl-Cl AAD CLADE of ca. 18 NA Valeriana spp. and 2 SA Valeriana spp., the Central American clade of Bell et al., 2012   ?     Ñ   CLADE of ca. 55 SA Valeriana spp., including Suffrutescent Vine, Peruvian, Columbian, Southern Andean, and Paramo & Peruvian clades of Bell et al., 2012       Ñ   10.3 17.3 13.4   N->S Bell et al., 2012
158 Temperate       Cl-Sp tS CLADE of NA Valeriana naidae Barrie   ?/P-V MEX Villase–or, 2016; GBIF, 2017 Ñ   Valeriana laurifolia Kunth Valeriana clematitis Kunth BOL,COL,ECU,PER,VEN GBIF, 2017 2n = 64 Xena de Enrech, 1993 4.07 9.33 6.49   S->N Bell et al., 2012
  Temperate           + Valeriana subincisa Benth.     GTM,MEX GBIF, 2017 Ñ                         Bell et al., 2012