American Amphitropical Disjunction
Working Group
(see figshare site for data and comments)



Chromosome Literature:

Acosta, M. C., G. Bernardello, M. Guerra and E. A. Moscone. 2005. Karyotype analysis in several South American species of Solanum and Lycianthes rantonnei (Solanaceae). Taxon 54: 713-723. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065428
Allred, K. W. and F. W. Gould. 1983. Systematics of the Bothriochloa saccharoides Complex (Poaceae: Andropogoneae). Systematic Botany 8: 168-184. https://doi.org/10.2307/2418692
Amarilla, L. D., J. O. Chiapella, V. Sosa, N. C. Moreno and A. M. Anton. 2015. A tale of North and South America: Time and mode of dispersal of the amphitropical genus Munroa (Poaceae, Chloridoideae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 179: 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12304
Bachmann, K. A. and H. J. Price. 1977. Repetitive DNA in Cichoricae (Compositae). Chromosoma 61: 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292810
Bacon, J. 1984. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes in the genus Nama (Hydrophyllaceae). Sida 10: 269-275.
Baden, C. and R. v. Bothmer. 1994. A taxonomic revision of Hordeum sect. Critesion. Nordic Journal of Botany 14: 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1994.tb00579.x
Bell, C. R. 1954. The Sanicula crassicaulis complex (Umbelliferae), a study of variation and polyploidy. University of California Publications in Botany 27: 133-230.
Bell, C. R. and L. Constance. 1957. Chromosome numbers in Umbelliferae. American Journal of Botany 44: 565-572. https://doi.org/10.2307/2438928
Bernardello, L. 1982. Estudios en Lycium (Solanaceae) II. Recuentos cromosómicos en entidades Argentinas. Hickenia 1: 321-328.
Bernardello, L. M., L. B. Stiefkens and M. A. Piovano. 1990. Números cromosómicos en dicotiledóneas Argentinas. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 26: 149-157.
Bothmer, R. v. and N. Jacobsen. 1989. Interspecific hybridization with Hordeum guatemalense. Genetica 79: 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00057934
Bothmer, R. v., N. Jacobsen and R. B. Jorgensen. 1985. Two new American species of Hordeum (Poaceae). Willdenowia 15: 85-90.
Bothmer, R. v., N. Jacobsen and E. Nicora. 1980. Revision of Hordeum sect. Anisolepis Nevski. Botaniska Notiser 133: 539-554.
Bothmer, R. v. and N. C. Subrahmanyam. 1988. Assessment of chromosome associations in haploids and their parental accessions in Hordeum. Genome 30: 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1139/g88-035
Carrique, M. C. and A. J. Martínez. 1984. Números de cromosómas de Cruciferae 1. Parodiana 3: 113-128.
Casas, J. F. 1981. Recuentos cromosomáticos de algunas angiospermas de Bolivia y Perú. Saussurea 12: 157-164.
Cave, M. S. and L. Constance. 1942. Chromosome numbers in the Hydrophyllaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 18: 205-216.
Cave, M. S. and L. Constance. 1944. Chromosome numbers in the Hydrophyllaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 18: 293-298.
Cave, M. S. and L. Constance. 1947. Chromosome numbers in the Hydrophyllaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 18.
Cave, M. S. and L. Constance. 1950. Chromosome numbers in the Hydrophyllaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 23: 363-382.
Cave, M. S. and L. Constance. 1959. Chromosome numbers in the Hydrophyllaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 30: 233-258.
Chambers, K. L. 1963. Amphitropical species pairs in Microseris and Agoseris (Compositae: Cichorieae). The Quarterly Review of Biology 38: 124-140. https://doi.org/10.1086/403795
Chaw, S.-m., C.-i. Peng and M.-T. Kao. 1986. Verbena bonariensis L. (Verbenaceae): a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Journal of the Taiwan Museum 39: 123-126.
Chiang, F. 1982. Estudios cromosomicos en Lycium (Solanaceae) de Norteamerica. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 43: 9-23.
Chinnappa, C. C. and J. G. Chmielewski. 1987. Documented plant chromosome numbers 1987: 1. Miscellaneous counts from western North America. Sida 12: 409-417.
Chmielewski, J. G. and C. C. Chinnappa. 1988. The genus Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America. II. Additional chromosome counts. Rhodora 90: 133-137.
Chouhdry, A. S. 1984. Karyomorphological and cytological studies in Ephedra. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B 19: 57-109.
Chuang, T. I. and L. R. Heckard. 1982. Chromosome numbers of Orthocarpus and related monotypic genera (Scrophulariaceae: Subtribe Castillejinae). Brittonia 34: 89-101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806406
Chuang, T. I. and L. R. Heckard. 1993. Chromosome numbers of neotropical Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae: tribe Pediculareae) and their taxonomic implications. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 974-986. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399940
Constance, L., T.-I. Chuang and C. R. Bell. 1976. Chromosome numbers in Umbelliferae. V. American Journal of Botany 63: 608-625. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441824
Covas, G. and B. Schnack. 1946. Numero de cromosomas en Autofitas de la region de Cuyo (Republica Argentina). Revista de Argentina Agronomía 13: 153-166.
Dalgaard, V. 1988. Chromosome numbers in some vascular plants from the Disko Bugt area (west Greenland). Willdenowia 18: 243-252.
Dauphin, B., J. Grant and P. Mráz. 2016. Ploidy level and genome size variation in the homosporous ferns Botrychium s.l. (Ophioglossaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 575–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1285-7
Dawe, J. C. and D. F. Murray. 1981. Chromosome numbers of selected Alaskan vascular plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 1373-1381. https://doi.org/10.1139/b81-187
Del Pero Martínez, M. A., A. Martínez and M. E. Múlgura. 2002. Biosistemática en especies argentinas del género Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae). Parodiana 12: 75-89.
Di Fulvio, T. E. 1976. Chromosomas somaticos de Lilaeopsis carolinensis Coult. & Rose (Umbelliferae). Kurtziana 9: 141.
Diers, L. 1961. Der Anteil an Polyploiden in den Vegetationsgürteln der Westkordillere Perus. Zeitschrift für Botanik 49: 437-488.
Dopchiz, L. P., E. Gomez-Sosa and L. Poggio. 1995. Karyotype and nuclear DNA content of six species of Astragalus (Leguminosae). Cytologia 60: 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.60.329
Dunford, M. P. 1985. A statistical analysis of morphological variation in cytotypes of Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae). Southwestern Naturalist 30: 377-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/3671270
Engel, K. 1976. Birtrage zur Systematik der Valerianaceae unter besonderes Berucksichtigung cytosystematischer Ergebnisse. Dissertation. Giessen 1976: 1-196.
Engelskjon, T. 1979. Chromosome numbers in vascular plants from Norway, including Svalbard. Opera Botanica 52: 1-38.
Ertter, B. 1980. A revision of the genus Oxytheca Nutt. (Polygonaceae). Brittonia 32: 70-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806224
Farrar, D. R. and M. C. Stensvold. 2017. Observations on bipolar disjunctions of moonwort ferns (Botrychium, Ophioglossaceae). American Journal of Botany 104: 1675-1679.
Flores-Olvera, H. and P. Mercado-Ruaro. 1997. Chromosome numbers of species of Atriplex section Obinoe (Chenopodiaceae) and their relation to taxonomy. Cytologia 62: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.62.157
Flory, W. S. 1937. Chromosome numbers in the Polemoniaceae. Cytologia, Fujii Jubilee Volume: 171-180.
Freeman, C. C. and R. E. Brooks. 1988. Documented plant chromosome numbers 1988: 1. Chromosome counts for North American plants–I. Sida 13: 241-250.
Friend, D. A. 1982. Chromosome number in a Victorian population of Amsinckia calycina. Australian Weeds 1: 7-8.
Gastony, G. J. and D. E. Soltis. 1977. Chromosome studies of Parnassia and Lepuropetalon (Saxifragaceae) from the eastern United States. A new base number for Parnassia. Rhodora 79: 573-578.
Gervais, C., M. Parent, R. Trahan and S. Plante. 1997. IOPB chromosome data 12. Newsletter International Organization of Plant Biosystematists (Oslo) 28: 16-18.
Gill, L. S. 1981. Chromosomal evolution and incidence of polyploidy in the Canadian Labiatae. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 4: 331-339.
Goldblatt, P. 1977. New or noteworthy chromosome records in the angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 889-895. https://doi.org/10.2307/2395253
Grant, W. F. 1997. Karyotypes and idiograms of some western North American species of Lotus (Fabaceae). Aliso 16: 73-80.
Grau, J. 1971. Cytologische Untersuchungen an Boraginaceae II. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 9: 177-194.
Grau, J. 1983. Life form, reproductive biology and distribution of the Californian/Chilean genus Cryptantha. Pp. 231-240 in Sonderbände des Naturwissenshaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 7, ed. K. Kubitski. Hamburg: P. Pary.
Grau, J. 1988. Chromosomenzahlen Chilenischer Boraginaceae. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 27: 29-32.
Guggisberg, A., G. Mansion and E. Conti. 2009. Disentangling reticulate evolution in an arctic–alpine polyploid complex. Systematic Biology 58: 55-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp010
Hanson, L., A. Boyd, M. A. T. Johnson and M. D. Bennett. 2005. First nuclear DNA C-values for 18 eudicot families. Annals of Botany. Oxford 96: 1315-1320. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci283
Hardham, C. B. 1989. Chromosome numbers of some annual species of Chorizanthe and related genera (Polygonaceae: Eriogonoideae). Phytologia 66: 89-94. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10121
Heckard, L. R. 1963. The Hydrophyllaceae. The Quarterly Review of Biology 38: 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1086/403794
Hersey, R. and S. P. V. Kloet. 1976. In IOPB chromosome number reports LII. Taxon 25: 341-346.
Holmgren, P. K. 1971. A biosystematic study of North American Thlaspi montanum and its allies. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 21: 1-106.
Horn, N. 2000. Revision der Gattungen Plagiobothrys und Pectocarya in Chile und den angrenzenden Gebieten. München: Universität München.
Irving, R. S. 1980. A chromosome count for Juniperus ashei (Cupressaceae) and additional chromosome numbers for Hedeoma (Labiatae). Sida 8: 312-313.
Jansen, R. K. and T. F. Stuessy. 1980. Chromosome counts of Compositae from Latin America. American Journal of Botany 67: 585-594. https://doi.org/10.2307/2442300
Johnson, L. A., L. M. Chan, R. Pozner and L. D. Glazier. 2012. Allotetraploids in Patagonia with affinities to western North American diploids: Did dispersal or genome doubling occur first? Botanical Review 78: 288-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-012-9101-8
Johnson, L. A. and J. M. Porter. 2017. Fates of angiosperm species following long-distance dispersal: Examples from American amphitropical Polemoniaceae. American Journal of Botany 104: 1729-1744. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700183
Keil, D. J., M. A. Luckow and D. J. Pinkava. 1988. Chromosome studies in Asteraceae from the United States, Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. American Journal of Botany 75: 652-668. https://doi.org/10.2307/2444199
Kiehn, M., M. Jodl and G. Jakubowsky. 2005. Chromosome numbers of angiosperms from the Juan Fernández Islands, the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago, and from mainland Chile. Pacific Science 59: 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2005.0037
Krogulevich, R. E. 1976. Rol poliploidii v genesise flory Putorana. In: L. I. Malyshev, ed. 1976 Flora Putorana: Materali k Poznaniiu Osobennostei Sostava i Genezisia Gornykh Subarkticheskikh Flor Sibir. Novosibirsk. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
Kumar, P. and B. Dutt. 1989. Cytogenetic basis of breeding system in some verbenaceous species. Cytologia 54: 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.54.347
Las Peñas, M. L. 2003. Estudios cromosómicos de dos especies argentinas de Cryptantha (Boraginaceae). Kurtziana 30: 77-79.
Las Peñas, M. L. 2005. Números cromosómicos de Cryptantha diffusa y C. maritima (Boraginaceae). Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Argentina 40: 283 - 284.
Leitch, I. J., L. Hanson, M. Winfield, J. Parker and M. D. Bennett. 2001. Nuclear DNA C-values complete familial representation in gymnosperms. Annals of Botany 88: 843-849. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1521
Linde-Laursen, I., R. v. Bothmer and N. Jacobsen. 1989. Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of South American Hordeum (Poaceae) I. 14 diploid taxa. Hereditas; genetiskt arkiv. 110: 289-305.
Löve, Á. 1977. In Chromosome number reports LVI. Taxon 26: 257-274.
Löve, Á. 1981a. Chromosome number reports LXXI. Taxon 30: 506-517.
Löve, Á. 1981b. Chromosome number reports LXXII. Taxon 30: 694-708.
Löve, Á. 1981c. Chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon 30: 829-861.
Löve, Á. 1982a. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXIV. Taxon 31: 120-126.
Löve, Á. 1982b. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXV. Taxon 31: 342-368.
Löve, Á. 1982c. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVI. Taxon 31: 574-598.
Löve, Á. 1985. Chromosome Number Reports LXXXVI. Taxon 34: 159-164.
Löve, Á. 1986a. Chromosome Number Reports XCI. Taxon 35: 404-410.
Löve, Á. 1986b. Chromosome Number Reports XCIII. Taxon 35: 897-903.
Malakha, E. V. 1990. Chromosome numbers in some species of the genera Ranunculus and Batrachium (Ranunculaceae) from the flora of the Soviet far east. Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 121-122.
Marhold, K. 2006. IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 1. Taxon 55: 443-445.
Mathew, K. and P. H. Raven. 1962. A new species of Cryptantha (section Circumscissae) from California and two recombinations (section Circumscissae and Angustifoliae). Madrono 16: 168-171.
Middleton, D. J. and C. C. Wilcock. 1990. Chromosome counts in Gaultheria and related genera. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 47: 303-313.
Mishima, M., N. Ohmido, K. Fukui and T. Yahara. 2002. Trends in site-number change of rDNA loci during polyploid evolution in Sanguisorba (Rosaceae). Chromosoma 110: 550-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-001-0175-z
Molnar, S. J. and G. Fedak. 1989. Polymorphism in ribosomal DNA repeat units of 12 Hordeum species. Genome 32: 1124-1127. https://doi.org/10.1139/g89-565
Moore, A. J., A. Bartoli, R. D. Tortosa and B. G. Baldwin. 2012. Phylogeny, biogeography, and chromosome evolution of the amphitropical genus Grindelia (Asteraceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast sequence data. Taxon 61: 211–230.
Moore, D. M. 1981. Cromosome numbers of Fuegian angiosperms. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 53: 995-1012.
Moore, D. M. and P. H. Raven. 1970. Cytogenetics, distribution, and amphitropical affinities of South American Camissonia (Onagraceae). Evolution 24: 816-823. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01817.x
Morrell, P. L., J. M. Porter and E. A. Friar. 2000. Intercontinental dispersal: The origin of the widespread South American plant species Gilia laciniata (Polemoniaceae) from a rare California and Oregon coastal endemic. Plant Systematics and Evolution 224: 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985264
Moscone, E. A. 1992. Estudios de cromosomas meióticos en Solanaceae de Argentina. Darwiniana 31: 261-297.
Nakata, M. and K. Oginuma. 1989. Cytological studies on phanerogams in southern Peru, II. Chromosomes of Tetraglochin strictum (Rosaceae) and Ephedra americana (Ephedraceae). Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, B 15: 63-66.
Nobs, M. A. 1975. Chromosome numbers in Atriplex. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 74: 762-765.
Nobs, M. A. 1978. Chromosomal numbers in Atriplex. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77: 240-241.
Ohri, D. and T. N. Khoshoo. 1986. Genome size in gymnosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution 153: 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989421
Ørgaard, M. 1994. Intergeneric hybridization between species of Leymus, Psathyrostachys and Hordeum (Poaceae, Triticeae). Annals of Botany 73: 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1994.1059
Ornduff, R. 1963. Experimental studies in two genera of Helenieae (Compositae): Blennosperma and Lasthenia. The Quarterly Review of Biology 38: 141-150.
Oud, J. L., F. Schuring and C. Berg. 1988. The karyotypes of Microseris bigelovii, M. douglasii and M. pygmaea (Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 249-256.
Peterson, P. M. 1988. Chromosome numbers in the annual Muhlenbergia (Poaceae). Madrono 35: 320-324.
Peterson, P. M. and C. R. Annable. 1991. Systematics of the annual species of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae—Eragrostideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 31: 1-109. https://doi.org/10.2307/25027794
Peterson, P. M. and J. J. Ortíz-Diaz. 1998. Allelic variation in the amphitropical disjunct Muhlenbergia torreyi (Poaceae: Muhlenbergiinae). Brittonia 50: 381-391. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807780
Pinkava, D. J., M. A. Baker, R. A. Johnson, N. Trushell, G. A. Ruffner, R. S. Felger and R. K. V. Devender. 1992. Additions, notes and chromosome numbers for the flora of vascular plants of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 24--25: 13-18.
Porter, J. M. 1996. Phylogeny of Polemoniaceae based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences. Aliso 15: 57-77. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.19961501.06
Porter, J. M. 2012. Gilia. Pp. 1043-1052 in The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. 2nd ed., ed. B. G. Baldwin, D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, D. H. Wilken. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press.
Powell, A. M. 1968. Chromosome numbers in Perityle and related genera (Peritylanae-Compositae). American Journal of Botany 55: 820-828. https://doi.org/10.2307/2440970
Powell, A. M. and J. F. Weedin. 2005. Documented chromosome numbers 2005: 2. Counts from western Texas, mostly trans-Pecos cacti. Sida 21: 1665-1668.
Rattenbury, J. A. 1959. Documented chromosome numbers of plants. Madrono 15: 49-52.
Raven, P. H. 1963. Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America. Quarterly Review of Biology 38: 151-177. https://doi.org/10.1086/403797
Raven, P. H. and W. L. Tai. 1979. Observations of chromosomes in Ludwigia (Onagraceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: 862-879. https://doi.org/10.2307/2398926
Ray, P. M. and H. F. Chisaki. 1957. Studies on Amsinckia. II. Relationships among the primitive species. American Journal of Botany 44: 537-544. https://doi.org/10.2307/2438923
Reeder, J. and C. Reeder. 1973. Blepharidachne, an anomalous eragrostoid grass. Journal of the Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science 7: 29.
Reveal, J. L. and R. Moran. 1977. Miscellaneous chromosome counts of western American plants---IV. Madrono 24: 227-235.
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Robinson, H., A. M. Powell, R. King and J. F. Weedin. 1981. Chromosome numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 52: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.52
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Sanders, R. W., T. F. Stuessy and R. Rodriguez. 1983. Chromosome numbers from the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands. American Journal of Botany 70: 799-810. https://doi.org/10.2307/2442929
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Shelly, J. S. 1989. Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon. Madrono 36: 232-247.
Sivinski, R. C. 1993. Chromosome numbers for some North American Cryptantha. Phytologia 74: 459-463. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.8055
Snogerup, S. 1993. A revision of Juncus subgen. Juncus (Junaceae). Willdenowia 23: 23-73.
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Soreng, R. 1991. Systematics of the Epiles group of Poa (Poaceae). Systematic Botany 16: 507-528. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419340
Spellenberg, R. 1976. Chromosome numbers and their cytotaxonomic significance for North American Astragalus (Fabaceae). Taxon 25: 463-472. https://doi.org/10.2307/1220528
Staudt, G. 1962. Taxonomic studies in the genus Fragaria: Typification of Fragaria species known at the time of Linnaeus. Canadian Journal of Botany 40: 869-886. https://doi.org/10.1139/b62-081
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Stoeva, M. P. 1987. Chromosome numbers of Bulgarian angiosperms. Fitologija 33: 65-66.
Strother, J. L. 1976. Chromosome studies in Compositae. American Journal of Botany 63: 247-250. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441706
Sugiura, T. 1936. Studies on the chromosome numbers in higher plants, with special reference to cytokinesis, I. Cytologia 7: 544-595. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.7.544
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Turner, B. L. 1994. Taxonomic overview of Gilia, sect. Giliastrum (Polemoniaceae) in Texas and Mexico. Phytologia 76: 52-68.
Turner, B. L., J. Bacon, L. Urbatsch and B. Simpson. 1979. Chromosome numbers in South American Compositae. American Journal of Botany 66: 173-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2442521
Turner, B. L. and A. M. Powell. 2001. Documented chromosome numbers 2001: 1. Chromosome number of Lupinus havardii (Fabaceae). Sida 19: 643.
Turner, B. L. and A. M. Powell. 2005. Chromosome numbers of Glandularia (Verbenaceae) from central and Trans-Pecos, Texas. Sida 21: 1657-1661.
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