APPENDIX 2. List of vascular plants with a desert AAD distribution. Updated 22Nov 2017.

   Tax. = taxonomic unit of comparison:
   Sp = single species occurring in both North America (NA) and South America (SA).
   Sp-InC = the same two infraspecies (varieties or subspecies) occurring in both NA and SA.
   Sp-InD = two different infraspecies (varieties or subspecies) occurring in both NA and SA.
   Sp-Sp = two different species, either sister- or closely related, occurring in NA and SA.
   Sp-Cl = a single species in the source region sister to a clade (of two or more species) in the recipient region.
   Cl-Sp = a clade (of two or more species) in the source region sister to a single species in the recipient region.
   Cl-Cl = a clade sister to another clade. For taxa names, [ ] = synonym(s).
   Dist. = distribution:
    AAD = American amphitropical disjust distribution generally well outside of tropical regions.
   eN = AAD distribution in eastern North America.
   eS = AAD distribution in eastern South America.
   eNS = AAD distribution in eastern North America and eastern South America.
   ewN = AAD distribution in eastern and western North America.
   tN = trans-North America, distribution significantly entering North American tropical zone.
   tS = trans-South America, distribution significantly entering South American tropical zone.
   tNS = trans-North and South America, distribution significantly entering North American and South American tropical zones.
   * = native distribution also occurring outside the western hemisphere.
C#-NA = chromosome number of North American taxon.
C#-SA = chromosome number of South American taxon.
   (Taxa specific to a count are indicated in parentheses; less commonly obtained chromosome counts or ploidy levels are indicated in brackets.)
Dur./Hab. = plant duration, either A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial, or a combination, and plant habit, either H = herb, S = shrub, T = tree, or a combination.
Disp. Dir. = direction of dispersal or migration from source area to recipient area as determined from phylogenetic studies, either N->S (NA to SA), S->N (SA to NA), or Equivocal.
Div. mya = mean time (mean ranges in parentheses) of divergence of NA and SA taxa/clades, either stated in or calculated from (*) literature soures.
Lit. Source = Literature source of phylogenetic or pertinent taxonomic studies, including those citing direction or time of divergence.
"—" = missing information. Distribution links largely from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

No. Region GROUP Family Genus Tax. Sp Sp-Inf Sp-InfC Sp-InfD Sp-Sp Sp-Cl Cl-Sp Cl-Cl Cl-Tot Dist. AAD Taxon/Clade-NA SynonymyNA Dur.-Hab. Annual-Unambiguous Perennial-Unambiguous NA Distribution: BLZ, CAN, CRI, GTM, HND, MEX, NIC, PAN, SLV, USA NA Distribution: Data Source C#-NA Chrom.Lit.-NAm AAD Taxon/Clade-SA SynonymySA SA-PlHa (if different) SA Distribution: ARG,  BRA,  BOL,  CHL,  COL,  ECU,  PER,  PRY,  URY,  VEN SA Distribution: Data Source C#-SA Chrom.Lit.-SAm Div. mya-Late Div. mya-Early Div. mya-Mean Div-Estimated (*) Notes Disp. Dir. No. Dispersed N to S No. Dispersed S to N Lit. Source Cited by Raven 1963
1 Desert GNETALES Ephedraceae Ephedra Cl-Cl               1 1 tS Two NA CLADES: Ephedra nevadensis S.Watson,    P-S   1     2n = 28 Chouhdry, 1984 Two SA CLADES: Ephedra multiflora Phil. ex Stapf,          —   8.84 41.53 24.78     Equiv     Ickert-Bond et al., 2009  
                                Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. ex S.Watson,    P-S         —   Ephedra ochreata Miers,      ARG, CHL   —                      
                                Ephedra torreyana S.Watson,    P-S         —   Ephedra rupestris Benth.,      ARG, BOL, ECU, PER   —                      
                                Ephedra trifurca Torr. ex S.Watson,    P-S         —   Ephedra triandra Tul.,          —                      
                                Ephedra viridis Coville    P-S         —   Ephedra tweediana C.A.Mey.         2n = 14 Chouhdry, 1984; Ohri and Khoshoo, 1986                    
                                + Ephedra antisyphilitica Berland. ex C.A.Mey.,    P-S         —   + Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.,          2n = 14, 28 Chouhdry, 1984; Nakata and Oginuma, 1989; Leitch et al., 2001                    
                                Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Watson,    P-S         —   Ephedra andina Poepp. ex C.A.Mey., Ephedra chilensis C.Presl   ARG, CHL, ECU, PER   2n = 28 Chouhdry, 1984; Leitch et al., 2001                    
                                Ephedra californica S.Watson,    P-S         —   Ephedra boelckei F.A.Roig,          —                      
                                Ephedra compacta Rose,    P-S         —   Ephedra breana Phil.,          —                      
                                Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed,    P-S         —   Ephedra chilensis C.Presl,          2n = 28 Chouhdry, 1984                    
                                Ephedra cutleri Peebles,    P-S         —   Ephedra frustillata Miers,      ARG, CHL   —                      
                                Ephedra fasciculata A.Nelson,    P-S         —   Ephedra gracilis Phil.         —                      
                                Ephedra funerea Coville & C.V.Morton    P-S         —                                    
2 Desert MONOCOT Poaceae Blepharidachne Sp-Sp         1         AAD Blepharidachne kingii (S.Watson) Hack.   P-H   1 USA   2n = 14 Reeder and Reeder, 1973 Blepharidachne benthamiana Hitchc.     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 14 Reeder and Reeder, 1973     1.2     N->S 1   Amarilla et al., 2015  
3 Desert     Bothriochloa Sp 1                 eNS Bothriochloa exaristata (Nash) Henrard Andropogon exaristatus (Nash) Hitchc. P-H   1 USA   2n = 60 Allred and Gould, 1983                          "     ARG, BRA Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                  
Allred and Gould, 1983		  
4 Desert       Sp-InC 1 1 1             eNS/tN Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter subsp. laguroides   P-H   1 GTM, HND, MEX(Introduced-USA)   2n = 60 Allred and Gould, 1983                          "     ARG, BOL, BRA, PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                  
Allred and Gould, 1983		  
5 Desert       Sp-InC 1 1 1             eNS Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter subsp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould   P-H   1 MEX, USA   2n = 60 Allred and Gould, 1983                          "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                  
Allred and Gould, 1983		  
6 Desert     Bouteloua Sp 1                 tS Bouteloua simplex Lag. Chondrosum simplex (Lag.) Kunth A-H 1   MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, BOL, CHL, COL, ECU, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
7 Desert     Cottea Sp 1                 tS Cottea pappophoroides Kunth   AP-H     MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, BOL, ECU, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
8 Desert     Disakisperma Sp 1                 AAD Disakisperma dubium (Kunth) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow Leptochloa dubia (Kunth) Nees P-H   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, BOL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
9 Desert     Dissanthelium Sp 1                 AAD Dissanthelium calycinum (J.Presl) Hitchc. Poa calycina (J.Presl) Kunth ?     MEX   —                            "     BOL, PER GBIF, 2017 —                      
10 Desert     Enneapogon Sp 1                 AAD* Enneapogon desvauxii P.Beauv.   P-H   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, BOL, CHL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
11 Desert     Erioneuron Sp 1                 AAD Erioneuron avenaceum (Kunth) Tateoka Erioneuron avenaceum var. kurtzianum (Parodi) Anton,  Erioneuron avenaceum var. longiflume (Parodi) Anton, Erioneuron avenaceum var. pygmaeum (Hack.) Anton P-H   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, BOL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
12 Desert     Lycurus Sp 1                 tS Lycurus phleoides Kunth Muhlenbergia phleoides (Kunth) J.T.Columbus P-H   1 MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —                            "     BOL, COL, ECU, PER GBIF, 2017 —           May not be AAD; occurs in Colombia, Equador, and Peru          
13 Desert     Muhlenbergia Sp 1                 AAD Muhlenbergia alopecuroides (Griseb.) P.M.Peterson & Columbus Lycurus alopecuroides Griseb., Lycurus setosus (Nutt.) C. Reeder P-H   1 MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —                            "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
14 Desert     Munroa Sp-Cl           1     1 AAD Munroa pulchella (Kunth) Amarilla Dasyochloa pulchella (Kunth) Willd. ex Rydb. P-H/ A-H     MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015 CLADE of Munroa andina Phil.,     ARG, BOL, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015 6.5 8.2 7.2     N->S 1   Amarilla et al., 2015  
                                                  Munroa argentina Griseb.,     ARG, BOL, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015                    
                                                  Munroa decumbens Phil.     ARG, BOL, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015                    
                                                  Munroa mendocina Phil.     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015                    
                                                  Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr.     MEX, USA   2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015                    
15 Desert       Sp-Sp         1         AAD Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr.   A-H 1   MEX, USA   2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015 Munroa mendocina Phil.     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 16 Amarilla et al., 2015 0.8 2 1.8     S->N   1 Amarilla et al., 2015  
16 Desert     Pappophorum Sp 1                 eS/tNS Pappophorum vaginatum Buckley  Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees P-H   1 HND, MEX   —                            "     ARG, BRA, COL, ECU, PAR, PER, VEN Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —           May not be AAD; occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Equador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela          
17 Desert     Scleropogon Sp 1                 AAD Scleropogon brevifolius Phil.   P-H   1 MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —                            "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
18 Desert     Trichloris Sp 1                 tNS Trichloris pluriflora E.Fourn.   P-H   1 GTM, MEX   —                            "     ARG, BOL, COL, ECU, PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
19 Desert     Willkommia Sp-InD 1 1   1           AAD Willkommia texana Hitchc. var. texana   P-H   1 USA   —   Willkommia texana var. stolonifera Parodi Willbleibia stolonifera (Parodi) Herter   ARG, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
20 Desert EUDICOT Asteraceae Grindelia Cl-Cl               1 1 AAD CLADE of at least 31 species of NA Grindelia species   AP-H/P-HS     CAN, MEX, USA Moore  et al., 2012 2n = 12, 24 [2x, 4x] Moore et al., 2012 CLADE of at least 17 SA Grindelia species     ARG, BOL, CHL, PER, URY Moore et al., 2012 2n = 12, 24, 36 [2x, 4x, 6x] Moore et al., 2012         Direction of dispersal most likely north to south, but equivocal in some analyses. N->S? 1   Moore et al., 2012  
21 Desert     Picradeniopsis Sp 1                 AAD Picradeniopsis multiflora (Hook. & Arn.) B.G.Baldwin Schkuhria multiflora Hook. & Arn. A-H 1   MEX, USA GBIF, 2017 —                            "     ARG, BOL, CHL, PER, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 22, 24 Turner et al., 1979; Robinson et al., 1981                    
22 Desert   Boraginaceae Cryptantha Sp 1                 AAD Cryptantha albida (Kunth) I.M.Johnst.   A-H 1   MEX, USA GBIF, 2017 —                            "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 —       2.45     N->S 1   Guilliams et al., 2017  
23 Desert     Cl-Cl               1 1 AAD CLADE of Cryptantha albida (Kunth) I.M.Johnst.   A-H 1       —   CLADE of Cryptantha hispida (Phil.) Reiche     ARG, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 36 (J. d.)  Las Peñas, 2003     6.01     N->S 1   Guilliams et al., 2017  
    `                           + Cryptantha mexicana I.M.Johnst.             —   + Johnstonella diplotricha (Phil.) Hasenstab & M. G. Simpson Cryptantha diplotricha (Phil.) Reiche   ARG, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008                        
24 Desert       Sp-InC 1 1 1             AAD Cryptantha maritima (Greene) Greene var. pilosa I. M. Johnst.   A-H 1   MEX GBIF, 2017 —                            "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 20 Las Peñas, 2005     0.92     N->S 1   Guilliams et al., 2017; Hasenstab-Lehman, personal communication  
25 Desert       Cl-Sp             1   1 AAD Cryptantha maritima (Greene) Greene var. maritima   A-H/ P-H         —   Cryptantha subamplexicaulis (Phil.) Reiche     ARG, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —       5.53     N->S 1   Guilliams et al., 2017  
                                + Johnstonella echinosepala (J.F.Macbride) Hasenstab & M.G.Simpson             —                                    
26 Desert   Capparaceae Atamisquea Sp 1                 AAD Atamisquea emarginata Miers ex Hook. & Arn. Capparis atamisquea Kuntze P-S   1 MEX GBIF, 2017 2n = 16 Pinkava et al., 1992                          "     ARG, BOL, PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 16 Covas and Schnack, 1946                    
27 Desert   Convolvulaceae Cressa Sp 1                 AAD Cressa nudicaulis Griseb.   P-H   1 MEX   —                            "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 28 Bernardello, et al., 1990                    
28 Desert     Evolvulus Sp 1                 AAD Evolvulus arizonicus A.Gray   P-H   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, BOL, PRY, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008; Jørgensen et al., 2014 —                      
29 Desert   Ehretiaceae Tiquilia Sp 1                 AAD Tiquilia nuttallii (Benth. ex Hook.) A.T.Richardson Coldenia nuttallii Benth. ex Hook. A-H 1   USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 —                            "     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 —       0.003     N->S 1   Moore et al., 2006  
30 Desert       Sp-Cl           1     1 tS Tiquilia cuspidata (I.M.Johnst.) A.T.Richardson   P-H   1 MEX Rebman et al., 2016 —   CLADE of Tiquilia darwinii (Hook. f.) A.T.Richardson,      ECU(Galapagos I.) GBIF, 2017 —   3 6 4.5     N->S 1   Moore et al., 2006  
                                                  T. fusca (Hook. f.) A.T.Richardson,      ECU(Galapagos I.) GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                                  T. galapagoa (J.T.Howell) A.T.Richardson,      ECU(Galapagos I.) GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                                  T. nesiotica (J.T.Howell) A.T.Richardson,      ECU, PER GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                                  Tiquilia paronychioides (Phil.) A.T.Richardson     BOL, ECU, PER Jørgensen et al., 2014; GBIF, 2017 —                      
31 Desert       Sp-Cl           1   1 AAD Tiquilia palmeri (A.Gray) A.T.Richardson   P-H   1 MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 [2x] Moore et al., 2006 CLADE ("Blue-flowered group") of Tiquilia atacamensis (Phil.) A.T.Richardson,     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014 3 6 4.5     N->S 1   Moore et al., 2006  
                                                  Tiquilia conspicua (I.M.Johnst.) A.T.Richardson,      PER GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
                                                  Tiquilia dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.,      PER GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
                                                  Tiquilia elongata (Rusby) A.T.Richardson,      PER GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
                                                  Tiquilia ferreyrae (I.M.Johnst.) A.T.Richardson,      PER GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
                                                  Tiquilia grandiflora (Phil.) A.T.Richardson,      CHL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
                                                  Tiquilia litoralis (Phil.) A.T.Richardson,      CHL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
                                                  + Tiquilia tacnensis A.T.Richardson     CHL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [4x] Moore et al., 2006; Soltis et al., 2014                    
32 Desert   Fabaceae Acaciella Sp 1                 tN Acaciella angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose var. angustissima Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze var. angustissima P-H   1 GTM, MEX, SLV   —                            "     ARG, BOL   —                      
33 Desert     Errazurizia Cl-Sp             1   1 AAD CLADE of Errazurizia benthamii (Brandegee) I.M.Johnst.   P-S   1 MEX   2n = 28 (E. b.) Reveal and Moran, 1977 Errazurizia multifoliolata (Clos) I.M.Johnst.     CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                   McMahon, 2005  
                                + Errazurizia megacarpa (S.Watson) I.M.Johnst.         MEX   —                                    
34 Desert     Hoffmannseggia Sp 1                 AAD Hoffmannseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert   P-HSu   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, CHL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 24 Zanin and Cangiano, 2001           S->N   1 Simpson et al., 2005  
35 Desert       Sp-Sp         1         AAD Hoffmannseggia drummondii Torr. & A.Gray Caesalpinia drummondii (Torr. & A.Gray) Fisher P-SSu   1 MEX   —   Hoffmannseggia pumilio (Griseb.) B.B.Simpson Caesalpinia pumilio Griseb.   ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 —             S->N   1 Simpson et al., 2005  
36 Desert       Cl-Cl               1 1 tS CLADE of Hoffmannseggia intricata Brandegee,   P-S   1 MEX GBIF, 2017 —   CLADE of: Hoffmannseggia pumilio (Griseb.) B.B.Simpson,      ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008 —             S->N   1 Simpson et al., 2005  
                                Hoffmannseggia microphylla Torr.,         MEX, USA GBIF, 2017 —   Hoffmannseggia viscosa Hook. & Arn.,      ECU, PER Flora del Cono Sur, 2017; GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                + Hoffmannseggia peninsularis (Britton & Rose) Wiggins         MEX GBIF, 2017 —   + Hoffmannseggia drummondii Torr. & A.Gray (NA)     MEX Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017 —                      
37 Desert       Cl-Cl               1 1 AAD CLADE of Hoffmannseggia drepanocarpa A.Gray,   P-H   1 MEX, USA   —   CLADE of Hoffmannseggia miranda Sandwith,     CHL, PER GBIF, 2017 —             S->N   1 Simpson et al., 2005  
                                Hoffmannseggia humilis (M. Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl.,         MEX   —   + Hoffmannseggia prostrata DC.     CHL, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                Hoffmannseggia oxycarpa A.Gray,         MEX   —                                    
                                Hoffmannseggia repens (Eastw.) Cockerell,         USA   —                                    
                                Hoffmannseggia tenella Tharp & L.O.Williams,         USA   —                                    
                                + Hoffmannseggia watsonii (Fisher) Rose         MEX   —                                    
38 Desert     Prosopidastrum Sp-Sp         1         AAD Prosopidastrum mexicanum (Dressler) Burkart Prosopis globosa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. var. mexicana Dressler P-T   1 MEX   —   Prosopidastrum globosum (Hook. & Arn.) Burkart Prosopis globosa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.   ARG, BOL Zuloaga et al., 2008; Jørgensen et al., 2015 —           The NA and SA species presumed each others closest relatives, as they were formerly varieties of one species, but no phylogenetic studies have been done.          
39 Desert   Koeberliniaceae Koeberlinia Sp-Sp         1         AAD Koeberlinia spinosa Zucc.   P-ST   1 MEX, USA   2n = 44, ca.88 Goldblatt, 1977 Koeberlinia holacantha W.C.Holmes, K.L.Yip & A.E.Rushing     BOL Holmes et al., 2008 —                      
40 Desert   Loasaceae Mentzelia Sp 1                 AAD Mentzelia albescens (Gillies ex Arn.) Griseb.   P-H   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     ARG, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —       0   No difference in ITS-ETS ML analysis N->S 1   Schenk and Hufford, 2011  
41 Desert   Martyniaceae Proboscidea Sp 1                 AAD Proboscidea althaeifolia (Benth.) Decne.   P-H   1 MEX, USA   —                            "     PER GBIF, 2017 —                      
42 Desert   Polemoniaceae Dayia Sp-Sp         1         AAD Dayia scabra (Brandegee) J.M.Porter Gilia scabra Brandegee A-H 1   MEX Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016 2n = 18 Porter, 1996 Dayia glutinosa (Phil.) J.M.Porter Gilia glutinosa Phil., Bryantiella glutinosa (Phil.) J.M.Porter   CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —   12.84 16.41 14.42     N->S 1   Porter and Cuéller, cited in Johnson and Porter, 2017 Raven, 1963
43 Desert     Giliastrum Sp-Cl           1     1 AAD Giliastrum incisum (Benth.) J.M.Porter Gilia incisa Benth. P-H         2n = 18 Turner, 1994 CLADE of Giliastrum castellanosii J.M. Porter Gilia castellanosii (J.M.Porter) V.E.Grant       —   4.8 19.4 14.5   This Species-Clade relationship from ITS analysis only (SOURCE?) N->S 1   Johnson and Porter, 2017  
                                                  + Giliastrum foetidum (Gillies ex Benth.) J.M.Porter Gilia foetida Gillies ex Benth.       2n = 18 Johnson and Porter, 2017                    
44 Desert   Solanaceae Lycium Cl-Sp             1   1 tNS Lycium californicum Nutt. ex A.Gray   P-S   1 MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24, 36, 48 Chiang, 1982 CLADE of Lycium nodosum Miers     ARG, PRY, VEN GBIF, 2017 2n = 24 Bernardello, 1982; Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002           S->N   1 Levin et al., 2007  
                                                  + Lycium vimineum Miers     ARG, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
45 Desert       Cl-Cl               1 1 tS CLADE of Lycium berlandieri Dun.   P-S   1 MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Chiang, 1982 CLADE of Lycium americanum Jacq.     ARG, BOL, COL, ECU, PRY, PER, VEN Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 24 Bernardello, 1982           S->N   1 Levin et al., 2007  
                                Lycium exsertum A.Gray,         MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24, 48 Chiang, 1982 + Lycium infaustum Miers     ARG, COL, PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 24 Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2000                    
                                Lycium fremontii A.Gray,         MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 96, 120 Chiang, 1982                                  
                                Lycium parishii A.Gray         MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Chiang, 1982                                  
                                Lycium texanum Correll,         MEX, USA GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —                                    
                                + Lycium torreyi A.Gray         MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Chiang, 1982                                  
46 Desert       Cl-Cl               1 1 eN CLADE of Lycium brevipes Benth.   P-S   1 MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Chiang, 1982 CLADE of Lycium rachidocladum Dun.     CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —             Equiv     Levin et al., 2007  
                                + Lycium carolinianum Walter         MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 24 Chiang, 1982 + Lycium tenuispinosum Miers     ARG, CHL, PRY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 2n = 24 Bernardello, 1982                    
47 Desert   Verbenaceae Aloysia Cl-Cl               1 1 AAD? CLADE of Aloysia macrostachya (Torr.) Moldenke   P-S   1 MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   CLADE of 19 spp. of Aloysia, common ancestor SA         —             S->N   1 Lu-Irving et al., 2014; Frost et al., 2017, in review  
                                Aloysia wrightii A.Heller         MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —             —                      
48 Desert       Sp-InC 1 1 1             AAD Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc. var. gratissima Aloysia lycioides Cham. P-S   1 MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —                            "     ARG, PRY, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 —             S->N   1 Lu-Irving et al., 2014; Frost et al., 2017, in review  
49 Desert     Glandularia Cl-Cl               1 1 tN CLADE of Glandularia bipinnatifida (Schauer) Nutt.,    AP-H     MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 30 Turner and Powell, 2005 CLADE of Glandularia aurantiaca (Speg.) Botta,      ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008           S->N   1 Frost et al., 2017, in review  
                                Glandularia chiricahensis Umber,          USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 20 [4x] Umber, 1979 Glandularia araucana (Phil.) Botta,      ARG, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
                                Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig var. g.,          MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 20 [4x] Rattenbury, 1959 Glandularia flava (Gillies & Hook.) Schnack & Covas,      ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
                                Glandularia verecunda Umber,          MEX GBIF, 2017 2n = 20 [4x] Turner and Powell, 2005 Glandularia microphylla (Kunth) Cabrera,      ARG, BOL, ECU, PER Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
                                + Glandularia wrightii (A.Gray) Umber Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. ciliata (Benth.) B.L.Turner       USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 20 [4x] Turner and Powell, 2005 Glandularia parodii Covas & Schnack,     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
                                                  Glandularia sulphurea (D.Don) Schnack & Covas     ARG, CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
                                                  Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera,      NA & SA(BRA, PRY, URY) Zuloaga et al., 2008 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
                                                  + Glandularia venturii (Moldenke) Botta     ARG Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 [2x] Yuan and Olmstead, 2008                    
50 Desert     Verbena Cl-Cl               1 1 tNS CLADE of Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr.,    ABP-H     CAN, MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Löve, 1982b; Ward, 1984 CLADE of Verbena alata Otto ex Sweet or V. a. Cham.,      BRA Zuloaga et al., 2008 —             S->N   1 Frost et al., 2017, in review  
                                Verbena californica Moldenke,          USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   Verbena bonariensis L.,  Juniella tridactylites (Lag.) Moldenke   ARG, CHL[USA*] Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 12, 14, 28 Chaw, et al., 1986; Kumar and Dutt, 1989                    
                                Verbena canescens Kunth,          MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   Verbena demissa Moldenke,      ECU GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                Verbena carnea Medik.,  Stylodon carneus (Medik.) Moldenke       USA GBIF, 2017 —   Verbena glabrata Kunth,      BOL, COL, ECU, PER GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                Verbena halei Small,          MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pav.,      ARG, BOL, BRA, CHL, COL, PER, PRY, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008; GBIF, 2017 —                      
                                Verbena hastata L.,          CAN, USA GBIF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Löve, 1982b Verbena intermedia Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.,      ARG, BRA, PRY, URY Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
                                Verbena hirtella (L.M.Perry) G.L.Nesom,  Verbena neomexicana (A.Gray) Briq. var. hirtella L.M.Perry       MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   Verbena litoralis Kunth,      SA: ARG, BOL, BRA, CHL, COL, ECU, PER, PRY, URY, VEN; NA: BLZ, CRI, GTM, HND, MEX, NIC, PAN, SLV, USA* Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
                                Verbena lasiostachys Link,          MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   Verbena montevidensis Spreng.,      ARG, BOL, BRA, PER, PRY, URY [USA*] Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
                                Verbena macdougalii A. Heller,          USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Ward and Spellenberg, 1988 Verbena rigida Spreng.,      ARG, BRA, PRY, URY [USA*] Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 42 Hanson et al., 2005                    
                                Verbena menthifolia Benth.,          MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 —   Verbena scabra Vahl,  Verbena rigida Spreng.   SA: ARG, BRA, URY; NA: MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
                                Verbena officinalis L.,          USA* USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14, 28 Löve, 1982c + Verbena sedula Moldenke Verbena litoralis Kunth   SA: ARG, BOL, BRA, CHL, COL, ECU, PER, PRY, URY, VEN; NA: BLZ, CRI, GTM, HND, MEX, NIC, PAN, SLV, USA* Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; Zuloaga et al., 2008 —                      
                                Verbena orcuttiana L.M.Perry,  Verbena simplex Lehm. var. orcuttiana (L.M.Perry) N.O'Leary       MEX Rebman et al., 2016 —                                    
                                Verbena perennis Wooton,          MEX, USA Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14 Ward, 1984                                  
                                Verbena urticifolia L.,          CAN, USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 14, 16 Gervais et al., 1997                                  
                                + Verbena valerianoides Kunth         COL GBIF, 2017 —                                    
51 Desert   Zygophyllaceae Fagonia Sp-Sp         1         AAD Fagonia villosa  D.M.Porter   P-S   1 MEX Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016 —   Fagonia chilensis Hook. & Arn.     ARG, CHL, PER Flora del Cono Sur, 2017; GBIF, 2017 —       1.22 *   N->S 1   Beier et al., 2004  
52 Desert     Larrea Sp-Sp         1         AAD Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville   P-S   1 MEX, USA Rebman et al., 2016; Villaseñor, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 26, 52, 78 [2x, 4x, 6x] Laport et al., 2012 Larrea divaricata Cav.     ARG, CHL, PER Flora del Cono Sur, 2017; GBIF, 2017 2n = 26 [2x] Laport et al., 2012 4.2 8.4 6.3     S->N   1 Lia et al., 2001  
No. in Tax. Category: 27 5 4 1 8 4 3 10 17 52 Total No. Desert Examples Total No. in Plant Duration Cat.: 8 36 5.50 13.49 5.96 *=Estimated by us; not in publ. Total No. in Category: 14 12 26
Percentage in Tax. Cat.: 51.92% 15.38% 32.69% 21.94% Percentage of Desert Examples among all AADs Percentage in Pl. Duration Cat.: 18.18% 81.82% Total Count: 16 Percentage of Total Known 53.8% 46.2%
Min. of Means: 0
Max. of Means: 41.53