APPENDIX 1. List of vascular plants with a bipolar AAD distribution. Updated 14 Nov 2017.

   Tax. = taxonomic unit of comparison:
   Sp = single species occurring in both North America (NA) and South America (SA).
   Sp-InC = the same two infraspecies (varieties or subspecies) occurring in both NA and SA.
   Sp-InD = two different infraspecies (varieties or subspecies) occurring in both NA and SA.
   Sp-Sp = two different species, either sister- or closely related, occurring in NA and SA.
   Sp-Cl = a single species in the source region sister to a clade (of two or more species) in the recipient region.
   Cl-Sp = a clade (of two or more species) in the source region sister to a single species in the recipient region.
   Cl-Cl = a clade sister to another clade. For taxa names, [ ] = synonym(s).
   Dist. = distribution:
    AAD = American amphitropical disjust distribution generally well outside of tropical regions.
   eN = AAD distribution in eastern North America.
   eS = AAD distribution in eastern South America.
   eNS = AAD distribution in eastern North America and eastern South America.
   ewN = AAD distribution in eastern and western North America.
   tN = trans-North America, distribution significantly entering North American tropical zone.
   tS = trans-South America, distribution significantly entering South American tropical zone.
   tNS = trans-North and South America, distribution significantly entering North American and South American tropical zones.
   * = native distribution also occurring outside the western hemisphere.
C#-NA = chromosome number of North American taxon.
C#-SA = chromosome number of South American taxon.
   (Taxa specific to a count are indicated in parentheses; less commonly obtained chromosome counts or ploidy levels are indicated in brackets.)
Dur./Hab. = plant duration, either A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial, or a combination, and plant habit, either H = herb, S = shrub, T = tree, or a combination.
Disp. Dir. = direction of dispersal or migration from source area to recipient area as determined from phylogenetic studies, either N->S (NA to SA), S->N (SA to NA), or Equivocal.
Div. mya = mean time (mean ranges in parentheses) of divergence of NA and SA taxa/clades, either stated in or calculated from (*) literature soures.
Lit. Source = Literature source of phylogenetic or pertinent taxonomic studies, including those citing direction or time of divergence.
"—" = missing information. Distribution links largely from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

** = not considered bipolor by Moore and Chater (1971)..


No. Region GROUP Family Genus Tax. Dist. AAD Taxon/Clade-NA SynonymyNA Dur.-Hab. NA Distribution: BLZ,CAN,CRI,GTM,HND,MEX,NIC,PAN,SLV,USA NA Distribution: Data Source C#-NA Chrom.Lit.-NAm AAD Taxon/Clade-SA SynonymySA SA Distribution: ARG,BRA,BOL,CHL,COL,ECU,PER,PRY,URY,VEN SA Distribution: Data Source C#-SA Chrom.Lit.-SAm Div. mya-Late Div. mya-Early Div. mya-Mean Notes Disp. Dir. Lit. Source
1 Bipoloar FERN Ophioglossaceae Botrychium Sp-Sp AAD Botrychium spathulatum W.H.Wagner Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. _ Botrychium campestre W.H.Wagner & Farrar P-H CAN,USA GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 B. l.: 2n = 90 [2x] Dauphin, et al., 2016 Botrychium dusenii (Christ) Alston Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. var. dusenii Christ ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 [4x] Farrar and Stensvold, 2017     0.3     Farrar and Stensvold, 2017
2 Bipoloar   Pteridaceae Cryptogramma Sp-Sp AAD Cryptogramma acrostichoides R.Br. Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. ex Hook. var. acrostichoides (R.Br.) C.B.Clarke P-H CAN,USA GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —   Cryptogramma fumariifolia Christ Cryptogramma crispa var. chilensis (Christ) Looser ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —              
3 Bipoloar MONOCOT Cyperaceae Carex Sp AAD* Carex arctogena L.   P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —       0   N->S Villaverde et al., 2015a
4 Bipoloar       Sp AAD* Carex canescens L., s.l.   P-H CAN,USA[Asia, Europe, Australia] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 54, 56 Roalson, 2008                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —   0 0.17 0.05   N->S Villaverde et al., 2017
5 Bipoloar       Sp AAD Carex macloviana D’Urv.   P-H CAN,USA GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 86 Roalson, 2008                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —   0.09 0.48 0.27 SA pops possibly diphyletic; see Márquez-Corro et al., 2017 Equiv Escudero et al., 2010; Márquez-Corro et al., 2017
6 Bipoloar       Sp-InD AAD Carex magellanica Lam. subsp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hiitonen   P-H CAN,USA GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = ca. 60 Roalson, 2008 Carex magellanica Lam. subsp. m.   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —   0 0.39 0.2   N->S Escudero et al., 2010
7 Bipoloar       Sp AAD* Carex maritima Gunnerus, s.l. Carex incurva Lightf. P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 60 Roalson, 2008                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —   0.03 0.51 0.23 3 changes in ITS (607 bp long), 1 bp change in rps-16 Chile-NA/Europe N->S Villaverde et al., 2015b
8 Bipoloar       Sp AAD* Carex microglochin Wahlenb.   P-H CAN,USA[Asia,Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —         12 changes in ITS, but not sister taxa   Escudero et al., 2010
9 Bipoloar     Eleocharis Sp AAD* Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz s.l.** Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link, Eleocharis atacamensis Phil. P-H CAN,USA[Asia,Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = ca. 136 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —         What we are treating as Eleocharis quinqueflora s.l. may be a complex of species; see Guaglianone et al., 2009    
10 Bipoloar   Juncaginaceae Triglochin Sp AAD* Triglochin palustris L.   P-H CAN,USA[Asia,Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 24 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —              
11 Bipoloar   Poaceae Alopecurus Sp AAD* Alopecurus magellanicus Lam. Alopecurus alpinus J.E.Sm., Alopecurus antarcticus Vahl P-H CAN,USA[Asia,Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —              
12 Bipoloar     Avenella Sp AAD* Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —              
13 Bipoloar     Calamagrostis Sp AAD* Calamagrostis stricta (Timm.) Koel. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb. P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            " Deyeuxia poaeoides (Steud.) Rúgolo ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
14 Bipoloar     Catabrosa Sp AAD* Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.   P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 20 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —         Flora del Cono Sur, 2017, indicates that Catabrosa aquatica is non-native ("Adventicia") in the Cono Sur. But considered native by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, and by Robert J. Soreng (personal communication).    
15 Bipoloar     Deschampsia Sp AAD* Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P.Beauv.    P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 26, 28 Raven, 1963                          " Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. var. caespitosa, var. pulchra (Nees & Meyen) Nicora ARG,BRA,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 —              
16 Bipoloar     Phleum Sp AAD* Phleum alpinum L.   P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 28 Dalgaard, 1988                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 28 Moore, 1981            
17 Bipoloar     Vahlodea Sp AAD* Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Fr. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 14 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
18 Bipoloar EUDICOT Brassicaceae Cardamine Sp-Sp AAD* Cardamine pratensis L.   P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —   Cardamine glacialis (G.Forst.) DC.   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
19 Bipoloar     Draba Sp-Sp AAD* Draba incana L.   BP-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —   Draba magellanica Lam.   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
20 Bipoloar   Ericaceae Empetrum Sp-Sp AAD* Empetrum nigrum L.   P-S CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —   Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willd.   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —   0.56 0.93 0.69   N->S Popp et al., 2011
21 Bipoloar   Gentianceae Gentiana Sp AAD* Gentiana prostrata Haenke   ABP-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            "   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
22 Bipoloar   Plantaginaceae Hippuris Sp AAD* Hippuris vulgaris L.   P-H CAN,MEX,USA[Europe] Villaseñor, 2016; GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            "   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
23 Bipoloar     Plantago Sp AAD* Plantago maritima L. Plantago maritima L. subsp. juncoides (Lam.) Hulten P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 —                            " Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —         Plantago maritima var. scabrior (Pilg.) Pilg. also occurs in s. Patagonia    
24 Bipoloar   Plumbaginaceae Armeria Sp AAD* Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. subsp. californica (Boiss.) A.E.Porsild P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 18 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —         A second, possibly independent disjunction is suggested by a related form with more conspicuous but still monomorphic flowers which occurs along the Pacific Coast of NA from s. Brit. Col. to central Calif. (also n =9) and again in s. Chile (H. G. Baker. 1954. Rapp. Comm. Intern. Congr. Botan., Paris, sect. 10, pp. 190-191; Am. Naturalist, 93: 255-272, 1959; and pers. commun.)    
25 Bipolar   Polygonaceae Koenigia Sp AAD* Koenigia islandica L.   A-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 28 Raven, 1963                          "   ARG,CHL Flora del Cono Sur, 2017 —              
26 Bipoloar   Ranunculaceae Anemone Sp AAD Anemone multifida Poir.**   P-H CAN,USA USDA-NRCS, 2017 2n = 32 [4x] Löve, 1982a                          "   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 16, 32 [4x], 64 [6x] Moore, 1981; Ziman et al., 2006       Of hybrid origin from taxa in NA (Meyer et al., 2010): "Our results (fig. 1) indicate that A. multifida may be a cross between a member of the montane/alpine clade consisting of A. drummondii, A. parviflora, and A. lithophila and a member of the more temperate clade consisting of A. sylvestris, A. virginiania, A. riparia, and A. cylindrica, all North American species. If true, this helps to explain the diverse habitats (from sand dunes to montane and alpine environments) and geographical range (discontinuous range in North America and South America) occupied by A. multifida. N->S Meyer et al., 2010; Hoot et al., 2012
27 Bipoloar     Ranunculus Sp-Sp AAD* Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb.**   P-H CAN,USA[Europe] GBIF, 2017; USDS-NRCR, 2017 2n = 32 Krogulevich, 1976; Engelskjon, 1979; Zhukova, 1980; Zhukova, 1982; Malakha, 1990 Ranunculus fuegianus Speg.**   ARG,CHL Zuloaga et al., 2008 2n = 48 Moore, 1981       Ranunculus bonariensis Poir. var. trisepalus (Gill.) Lourteig N->S? Paun et al., 2005